De-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul

Executive SummaryThis study explains the consequences of research into how de-icing operations at Minnesota Saint Paul could be improved. The findings were that this airdrome should utilize a combination of infrared warming and antifreeze crop-dusting in order to defrost aircraft in a fast, safe, cost effectual and environmentally friendly manner. The de-icing procedure is called the â€Å" thrust through method † and this study has backed up its probe through elaborate computations and the usage of a determination matrix to compare the benefits of the thrust through method against utilizing others. Although there are some jobs such as its comparatively long payback clip of 2.5 old ages, plus risk the airdrome may hold to pay license fees due to patents on the engineering, the benefits of the thrust through method outweigh these drawbacks. One ground for this is that after the payback period the airdrome will do an one-year economy of about $ 7,080,000IntroductionRationale for the research The procedure of taking ice, hoar or snow from the surface of an aircraft is known as aircraft de-icing. This is an indispensable process because if these substances accumulate on an aeroplane they will magnify the retarding force force that the plane experiences. This will cut down the ability of its wings to bring forth adequate lift force to let it to take-off or tactic whilst in flight. Besides, harm could be caused if a big piece of ice dislodges from the plane and hits sensitive constituents like its engine. This could take to riders losing their lives in a clang and others losing their belongingss. The Federal Aviation Administration, FAA, modulate all major civil air power operations in America. One of their regulations is that aircraft must be free of ice before takeoff and during flight. Background This study uses Minneapolis Saint Paul ( MSP ) airdrome, Minnesota, as its primary instance survey. This is because aircraft at this airdrome often needs to undergo make up one's minding as a consequence of the cold clime before, during and after winter in that part. MSP airdrome spans 3,400 estates, has five tracks, five de-icing tablets and â€Å" served more than 32 million travelers in 2009 doing it 15th in the United States andA 30th in the universe in footings of figure of riders served yearly. † ( MSP Airport, 2010 ) De-icing is presently carried out at MSP airdrome by operators who spray an ethylene-glycol based aircraft de-icing fluid onto planes. Storm H2O drains to roll up the waste fluid, before it is transported by a truck to a recycling installation to be treated. It needs intervention because its high Biochemical Oxygen Demand ( BOD ) makes it harmful to the environment. Research Aims and Aims This probe aims to happen a method and chemical to utilize for de-icing planes which is more environmentally friendly, cheaper and faster than that which is presently used in MSP airdrome. It should be a â€Å" entire solution engineering † which eliminates/reduces all the jobs that the current de-icing method causes without bring forthing damaging side effects. These purposes will be achieved by finishing the undermentioned aims: Identify a replacement de-icing fluid which has the same/better de-icing functionality but costs less and is safer than the one presently used in MSP airdrome. Find a better manner to recycle the waste de-icing fluid Ensure that the new utility chemical allow de-icing fluid to be recycled Find another manner to take snow from aircraftGENERIC DESIGN PROCESSAdministrations frequently use a generic design procedure as they turn a merchandise thought into a manufactured point. Using a systematic, good organised designed procedure helps to cut down the research and development clip that a fresh merchandise experiences. The design squad for this undertaking used a generic design procedure and the actions that they took at each phase are detailed below: Merchandise Planning – First the squad used merchandise planning to assist do that dependable and valid research was carried out directly off. This started this by keep backing a treatment in which they clarified the purpose and aims of the undertaking. Then they identified their strengths and failings in relation to these aims to assist them take which responsibilities they were responsible for. Finally they agreed upon timescales in which to accomplish each aim. Designation of Customer Needs – Customers demands guided the squad ‘s merchandise inventions that were found. The squad held interviews with a representative from each major stakeholder group in the air hose industry, such as the air hose director and spray operator, to let them to voice their demands. This made it easier for the squad to put merchandise specifications and design a merchandise that they would O.K. . Constitution of Product Specifications – The client demands were ranked in order of their importance. The rank of each demand was relative to a weighting, tungsten, which was later used in a determination matrix. This information was used to bring forth merchandise specifications which were further defined utilizing prosodies. Coevals of merchandise thoughts – A insight was held to bring forth merchandise thoughts. This was utile because it encouraged the squad to construct thoughts on top of one another. From this they saw similarities between thoughts and linked some of them to specify a entire solution engineering. Choice of merchandise thoughts – A determination matrix was used to quantitatively compare the importance of each client demand in relation to the merchandise thoughts. The merchandise with the highest mark was selected for proving. Testing – The entire solution engineering was further evaluated in footings of its public presentation and economic viability. Because it was really good its specifications were was sent to industries so that they could construct a paradigm. Figure 1 – An illustration of the generic design procedure Figure 1 illustrates the merchandise design methodological analysis which begins with merchandise planning and ends with proving and industry. The flecked lines show that if one phase of the design procedure did non give advantageous consequences the squad would travel one or multiple phases back in order to polish their old purposes. Then they would progress through each phase of the procedure once more until they reached the concluding testing and fabrication phase. This process of measuring and re-assessing merchandise developments ensured that hapless designs were eliminated or improved before they reached the testing and industries phase.NeedAssorted clients have an involvement in aircraft de-icing operations ; these persons are referred to as stakeholders. The success of this venture will depend on how good it meets the demands of these persons. Hence, the squad evaluated each stakeholder ‘s demand utilizing an interview and ranked it harmonizing to its importance.Informa tion GatheringThe stakeholders were identified on the footing on who will pay for, sell, usage and run the de-icing engineering, these included air hose pilots and riders etc. They were interviewed and their responses are summarised below.Spray operatorQ1: How do you defrost a plane? â€Å" A container on a truck is filled with de-icing fluid which is assorted with H2O to a 50 % concentration by volume. I sit in an enclosed cabin and heat the fluid onboard the truck to 70oC before I spray it onto the plane until all the ice thaws. †Airport directorQ2: How of import is the BOD of a de-icing fluid? â€Å" Very of import, we pay the intervention works about $ 0.35 per US gallon and the monetary value goes up if the BOD additions. Our airdrome is fined if the BOD5 discharged to the environment exceeds 900 metric tons per twelvemonth. Q3: How long would you anticipate to wait for a return on your investing? â€Å" 1.5-2 old ages † Q4: How much does ethylene glycol cost? â€Å" The norm is $ 5-7 per gallon. † Q5: What safeguards were taken since your last incident? â€Å" We thought of retraining staff, but now operations are run by an outsourced concern. De-icing tablets and a drainage system were installed. †Aircraft directorQ6: What do you believe of incorporating a warming system onto aircraft? â€Å" Not ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive †Air traffic accountantQ7: How severe is the break caused by aircraft de-icing? â€Å" During the extremum of the winter season there are regular holds. Aircraft must be de-iced once more if they exceed a holdover clip of 5 proceedingss. †Ranking of demands and ‘sanity check ‘The squad identified the most of import stakeholder demands and ranked them as listed below. Each demand was given a weighting, tungsten, harmonizing to its rank as portion of a ‘sanity cheque ‘ . Table 1 – The rank of each stakeholder demand and its weightingNeedWeight-ing, tungstenReasons1 ) Safety4 Safety was the top concern of every stakeholder. Aircraft at MSP airdrome can merely transport riders if they obey safety ordinances set by the FAA.2 ) LifeCost3 Some stakeholders disagreed on fiscal issues sing how much hard currency should be spent on certain points. e.g most spray operators would wish luxury de-icing cabins whereas airdrome directors would instead put the money. However, all stakeholders agreed that no de-icer with a high life-time cost would be acceptable.3 ) Speed2 Slow de-icing can do net income losingss due to detain flights.4 )Environmental impact1 Although the airdrome will be fined for doing inordinate pollution these costs are usually absorbed by clients.Constitution OF PRODUCT SPECIFICATIONSMost of the demands highlighted by stakeholders were expressed in a qualitative mode. They needed to be converted into specifications in order to avoid fiddling yet expensive betterments being made to MSP airdrome. To make this the worst instance de-icing conditions that could potentially take topographic point at MSP airdrome were defined and as portion of saneness cheque. Following prosodies were used set up specifications for merchandise and procedure design methods that could get by with the worst instance de-icing scenarios at the airdrome. Specification 1 – Annual length of operation The day of the months in which the planes will necessitate to be de-iced scopes from November to early April because on these day of the months the temperature in Minneapolis Saint Paul is below stop deading. Therefore, any new de-icing method must be able to run through this period of 5 months and 1 hebdomad ( 157 yearss ) every twelvemonth. ( Figure 2 ) Figure 2- The mean last temperature in MSP every twelvemonth from 1971-2000 Specifications 2 – The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverage The mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes ; the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice. Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 ( Airliners, 2010 ) Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100 % i Volume of ice on wings, Volice = 5.412 M3 ( App. 1, Eqn 1 ) Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 ) i Mass of ice, = 4962.8 kilogram ( App. 1, Eqn 2 ) Specifications 3- Heating Duty Latent heat of merger of ice= 333 kJ/Kg ( Bird, 2003 ) i Minimum warming responsibility = 1652.6 MJ ( App 1, Eqn 3 ) Specifications 4 – The utility de-icing fluid The atmospheric temperature in MSP airdrome during the de-icing season is 20oF ( -29oC ) therefore the replacement ADF stop deading point must be less than 20oC in order to keep its functionality. Additionally it must supply a freezing point depression of more than 20oC as a consequence of this ambient temperature. All the stakeholders agreed that merchandise safety is of topmost importance, so the replacement ADF should be less toxic than ethylene-glycol. Additionally they agree that the one-year natural stuff costs of the new cubing method should be less than that of the current method. Two ways to make this are to utilize less cubing fluid per plane in the first case ; this should be less than the 408 gallons per aircraft required by the current de-icing method ( App. 1, Eqn. 9 ) , or to recycle the de-icing fluid.GENERATION AND SCREENING OF IDEASThe squad worked separately and brainstormed together to assist maximize the figure of good thoughts that were generated. Whilst making so they reflected upon the merchandise specifications to and stakeholder demands to assist test thoughts.De-icing IdeasDe-icing boots – Rubber boots are attached to the front borders of wings on the plane. The aircraft inflates these boots with air to do ice that take ice that has accumulated on them. An unacceptable hazard of utilizing this method in MSP is that the system must be activated every bit shortly as a before an big ice bed can organize and hit other parts of the plane when it dislodges. Bleed air- In this method hot air from the aircraft engines is blasted on to the ice to run it. Although this could run ice really rapidly the airdrome director at MSP airdromes commented that incorporating heating systems on to aircraft is â€Å" non ideal for commercial planes because it ‘s expensive † . Mechanical Scraping/Blowing Employees use coppices, or fabrics to physically force ice off the aircraft. This method would be really easy to set into pattern at MSP because the equipment the required is really inexpensive. But it is more likely that harm will be done to aeroplanes as the employees scrape ice so the resulting aircraft care cost is could be really high. A propene ethanediol based de-icing fluid – Propylene ethanediol is a popular de-icing fluid and is regarded as non-toxic, hence it was chosen for farther probe.Decision MatrixThe interviews that were conducted with the stakeholders highlighted that some client demands are more of import than others. Although the importance of some specific demands differed in each stakeholder group four demands were systematically rated as indispensable. These standards were analysed in a determination matrix with weighing Markss taken from Table 1 Table 2- Decision Matrix which focuses on the alternate deinking methodsOptionEthylene Glycol( Benchmark ) APropylene GlycolInfrared + Propylene-glycolStandardsBurdeningtungstenRatingMarkRatingMarkRatingMarkSafetyA 5 2 10 4 20 7 35Life CostA 4 5 20 5 20 6 24SpeedA 3 A 5 15 A 4 16 6 18Environmental impactA 2 A 1 2 A 5 10 6 14EntireA 14 A 13 47 A 18 66 A 25 91 Harmonizing to this determination matrix the best de-icing solution should be based on a combination of infrared and propylene ethanediol de-icers is the best as this option has the highest sore. The 2nd best method would be to utilize an ADF which is based on propene ethanediol instead than ethylene ethanediol.SELECTION OF IDEASA comparing of ethylene-glycol and propylene ethanediols based de-icing fluidsThe most freezing point sedatives in aircraft de-icing fluids in the US are ethylene ethanediol ( EG ) and propylene ethanediol ( PG ) . Because PG and EG have a similar life-time cost, in this chapter the chemicals will be compared at a 50 % concentration by volume in footings of their safety, de-icing velocity and environmental impact because these are three of the most of import needs the stakeholders. Safety Ethylene ethanediol has a comparatively high toxicity when compared to Propylene-Glycol. It has been classed by the US Congress as a risky air pollutant ( HAP ) , if 2268 kilogram or more flights into the environment within 24 hours users are obligated to describe the event under the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act ( CERCL ) . However propylene ethanediol is non classified as a HAP, and users are non required to inform CERCL if it is released. Both chemicals are said to be non-lethal if worlds if they are breathed in with air or adsorbed through tegument. However, unlike PG, EG is toxic to worlds and mammals if it is ingested straight. Even though PG it is regarded as non-toxic it is still a wellness jeopardy because it uses O as it biodegrades which could do some beings to smother. De-icing Speed The freezing point of Propylene-glycol is -34oC which is somewhat higher than ethylene-glycol which freezes at -37oC. This is one of the grounds why MSP airdrome still uses EG. Another is that a lower volume of antifreeze is required for EG to accomplish the same freeze point depression as PG. MSP airdrome suffers severe conditions extremes so it needs to utilize an ADF which is dependable, particularly in highly cold conditions as this is by and large when it takes longer to defrost aircraft Propylene-glycol ‘s boiling point is 106oC whereas ethene ethanediol has a boiling point of 102.2oC for ethene ethanediol. In this instance Propylene-glycol is the better pick because it can reassign heat to frost at a higher temperature than ethylene ethanediol. Discussion There are some drawbacks with respect to utilizing ethylene ethanediol as a de-icing fluid, particularly refering its environmental impact. But, overall EG and PG have a similar de-icing public presentation degree.The Rate of Melting due to Heat Conduction EntirelyThe ADF is heated to 70oC before it is sprayed onto the plane, this heat entirely will do the ice to run through heat conductivity. The rate of this warming was calculated utilizing equation 1a, 1a ) Where Q= is the heat flow rate in the X-direction in kJ/s, A is the country normal to the way of heat flow in M2, dT/dx is the temperature gradient and K is the thermic conduction of ice The thermic conduction of ice at -20oC is 2.39 W/mK, the country normal to the way of heat flow is equal to the flying country of the Boeing 747 =541.2m2, the temperature alteration that occurs is ( 70oC- -20oc ) =90oC and the thickness of the ice x is 0.01m. Therefore the rate of heat transportation by the temperature of the de-icing fluid alone is 2a ) The reasonable heat is kJ ( App. 1, Eqn 12 ) The latent heat of merger is 1652612.4 kJ, ( App.1, Eqn 3 ) Summarizing the above gives the sum of het required to run the ice on a Boeing 747 from a starting temperature of -20oC which is Hence minimal clip that it would take to run the ice on the plane by heat conductivity entirely is This is a really fast clip, particularly as harmonizing to the undertaking brief, de-icing at MSP airdrome usually takes 10 proceedingss per plane. One ground ground for this difference is due to the fact that the ADF fluid is non ever in full contact with ice, merely its bottom surface is. Additionally these computations assume that heat transportation occurs over the whole of each flying equally, which is non the instance in existent life because de-icing fluid is sprayed onto the wing in different locations consistently. A concluding cause of this difference could be due to the fact that snow has a lower heat conduction, K, than ice and so any snow on a plane would take down the rate of heat transportation from the ADF.Entire SOLUTION TECHNOLOGYDrive-Through De-icingFigure 3 – An illustration of the thrust through de-icing engineering The concluding design construct was to carry on de-icing operations as a thrust through system. First the aircraft enters the Infrared airdock where and warm air blows snow of its wings whilst they are heated by infrared radiation for a typical continuance of 5-10 proceedingss. Ice on the plane thaws onto an inclined incline and the effluent is channelled into the waste aggregation zone. Water is channelled through bing storm H2O pipes into substructure to the located under the floor of the crop-dusting and waste aggregation country. The effluent is pumped out and transferred by a truck into the airdrome ‘s detainment pools. When the effluent has been removed compaction stoppers are removed and the plane moves into the spraying country. Here it is sprayed with propene ethanediol for up to 5 proceedingss to assist forestall any ice forming on it before takeoff. The propene ethanediol drains into a separate country of the aggregation chamber and is pumped to a detainment pool until it is due to be recycled. Finally the compaction plus are reinstalled so the system is ready to defrost another plane. Recycling Solution Minneapolis presently uses three Glycol Recovery Vehicles to roll up effluent. Using the IR installation eliminates the demand to defrost aircraft utilizing ethanediol by around 90 % , so no more of these vehicles will necessitate to be bought if the new engineering is adopted. Besides the airdrome has saved capital costs by utilizing their bing storm H2O drains to roll up both ethanediol and storm H2O. These storm drains can and should go on to be used if MSP airdrome adopts the Drive-Through De-icing system to salvage hard currency and clip during the installing of the new system. Harmonizing to ( Big book ) â€Å" Careful direction of the keeping systems enables the airdrome to roll up adequate effluent with high ethanediol concentrations to do glycol recycling/recovery economically feasible. † The bulk of ethanediol which is recycled is sold to makers who use it in other glycol-based merchandises. Analysis OF ECONOMIC VIABLITY Rate of return on investing ( ROI ) 3a ) Payback Time 3b )=2.5 old agesUnfortunately the payback clip on the thrust through de-icing method is non fast plenty to fulfill the Airport Directors at MSP who expect a payback clip of â€Å" 1.5-2 old ages † . A higher rate of return on investing would cut down the payback clip so it would be wise to look into extra ways to cut down the cost of de-icing utilizing this engineering, and ways to better its efficiency. Patent issues Because this entire solution engineering uses de-icing methods which have been used in industry antecedently, but it combines them in a alone manner it is hard to measure whether or non it can be patented. Furthermore, it is expected that it would take a long clip to patent the merchandise even if it were possible because of its complexness and usage of old de-icing thoughts. The writer has recommended that MSP airdrome consults a attorney sing these affairs if they do non necessitate to utilize the de-icing solution instantly. If MSP airdrome do necessitate to utilize the engineering instantly they might hold to pay licence fees to one or more patent proprietors. Decision The findings from this probe have shown that the solution engineering that MSP airdrome should utilize to better its aircraft de-icing solution involves utilizing infrared warming and a propene ethanediol as a utility chemical for ethylene-glycol. The procedure is called the â€Å" thrust through method † and the major advantages of this intercrossed solution are that it meets the demands of its stakeholders by being safe, holding a low life-time cost, fast aircraft de-icing rate and low environmental impact. Evidence of this has been provided through a determination matrix and several mathematical ratings. Unfortunately this solution has a payback clip of 2.5 old ages, so research should be carried out to uncover how to do the one-year rate of return on the investing higher. Finally, this intercrossed system uses patented engineering so MSP airdrome might hold to pay license fees for a figure of old ages if it used the thrust through method. However, after the payback period the one-year economy of $ 70,844,300 per twelvemonth outweighs any of these drawbacks. Further Recommendations Find ways to cut the operating cost of the Drive-Through De-icing system as this will raise the one-year rate of return that this engineering provides. If the rate of return is high plenty the payback clip will drop below 2 old ages and the airdrome directors in MSP will hold this demand fulfilled. Use hot air to blow snow off the aircraft in the IR airdock. This will assist to run the snow and ice excessively, nevertheless the cost of warmin+ 3.0g air may countervail the benefit of a faster de-icing clip. Nb, as shown by the weightings, tungsten, in Table 1, the life-time cost of the engineering is more of import that the de-icing velocity that it provides.MentionsBooks and DiariesBird J.O. , 2003, Science for technology, pp. 205, Newnes, 2003, UK Ketler P. , Mosher M. , Scott A. , 2008, Chemistry: The Practical Science, media enhanced edition, Cengage Learning, pp. 478, UK Kotz J.C. , Paul T. , Townsend R.J. , 2009, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity, Cengage Learning, pp. 15, USA Tsokos K.A. , 2010, Cambridge Physics for the IB Diploma, pp. 172, Cambridge University Press, UK Sinnot R.K. , 2005, Coulson and Richardson ‘s Chemical Engineering Series: Chemical Engineering Design, pp. 439, Butterworth-Heinmann, UKOnline ResourcesMSP Airport, 2010, About Us, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.mspairport.com/about-msp.aspx, 24/10/2010 RSS Weather, 2003, Minneapolis-St. Paul, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.rssweather.com/climate/Minnesota/Minneapolis-St.Paul, 23/10/10 Airliners.Net, 2010, The Boeing 747-400, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airliners.net/aircraft-data/stats.main? id=100, 20/10/2010 BBC, 25/10/2007, A380 superjumbo lands in Sydney, hypertext transfer protocol: //news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/7061164.stm, 19/10/2010 Energy Information Administration, October 2010, Electric Power Monthly, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/epm.pdf, 15/10/2010 Wingss Magazine, 2007, Infrared De-icing: Giving glycol a tally for its money, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.wingsmagazine.com/content/view/1325/38/ , 23/10/10APPENDICIESAppendix 1Specifications 2 -The instance survey aircraft and its ice coverageThe mass of ice on a plane was calculated utilizing a worst instance scenario, which was that one of the biggest commercial rider planes ; the Boeing-747 ( BBC, 2007 ) needed to be de-iced. It was assumed that the top country of both its wings was covered by a 1cm thick bed of ice. Flying country ( Boeing-747 ) = 541.2 M2 Ice Thickness = 0.01m Ice Coverage 100 % of flying country ( 1 ) Density of ice, I?ice = 917kg/m3 ( Kotz, 2009 ) ( 2 )Specifications 3 -Heating DutyThe ice on the aircraft needed to be provided with adequate energy to get the better of its 333kJ/Kglatent heat of merger, L, to run. The sum of heat energy, Q, required to accomplish this was calculated utilizing Equation 3 ( 3 ) ( Bird, 2003 )Specifications 4 – The utility de-icing fluidIn this subdivision the volume of ethene ethanediol and propene ethanediol needed to defrost a individual Boeing-747 will be calculated and compared. The prosodies are based upon a 50 % by volume solution of each chemical. Volume of Ethylene Glycol Required The freeze point depression of an ideal solution is given by the expression ( 5 ) Where a?† Tf represents the freeze point depression, m, is the solute concentration and Kf represents the freeze point depression invariable of H2O which is 1.86A °KA ·kg/mol ( Kilter P. , Mosher M. and Scott A. Andrew Scott, 2008 ) The coveted freeze point depression, a?† Tf is 20oC because winter temperatures in MSP autumn to that temperature, harmonizing to the undertaking brief. ( 6 ) The figure of moles of ethanediol required to accomplish the freeze point depression: ( 7 ) The chemical expression of ethylene-glycol is CH2OHCH2OH Mr Carbon = 12, Oxygen=16, Hydrogen=1 iMr ethene ethanediol = 2*16+2*12 + 1*6= 62 g/mol Therefore the mass of ethylene-glycol required per plane is: ( 8 ) The denseness of UCAR ADF at 20oC is 8.9 lb/gal ( US ) ( 1.07 kg/L ) ( SAE AMS 1424 Ethylene Glycol-Based Type I Fluids page 8 ) Therefore the volume of ethylene-glycol required is at least 408 US gallons ( 9 ) Because the de-icing fluid used in MSP airdrome is 50 % ethylene-glycol and about 50 % H2O, defrosting a individual plane would necessitate duplicate the sum of ADF which works out at 6,184 liters.The cost of ethene ethanediol per aircraftIn general the chemical constituents in de-icing fluids, such as H2O, have a sum cost which is well less than that of ethylene-glycol. Hence the cost of these constituents in de-icing unstable solutions as deemed insignificant and ignored. Harmonizing to the airdrome director that was interviewed the minimal cost of a gallon of ethene ethanediol is $ 5 per US gallon ( 10 ) In MSP airdrome there is an norm of 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours from 5 de-icing tablets ( MSP Airport, 2010 ) Assuming that during the de-icing season in MSP lasts 157 yearss and every plane needs to be de-iced the one-year cost of ADF is about ( 11 ) Reasonable heat required Harmonizing to the undertaking brief winter temperatures in Minneapolis Saint Paul autumn to-20oC. Ice must be brought to its runing point of 0oC before it can undergo a stage alteration from solid to liquid. Where Cp is the specific heat capacity of ice at -20oC which is 2 kJ/kg/K, ( Tsokos KA, 2010 ) , m is the mass of ice and a?† T is the temperature difference ( 12 ) Harmonizing to Wingsmagazine ( 2010 ) Ian Sharkey, the manager of de-icing services, with Radiant Aviation Services stated that during an ice storm on March 15-16, 2007 his squad had an â€Å" norm aircraft â€Å" block † clip ( aircraft brakes on to brakes off ) of less than 43 proceedingss for big aircraft † hence it was assumed that the Boeing 747 could be de-iced in this timeframe every bit good. This information was used to gauge the power that the IR deice would necessitate to convey the ice on an aircraft from -15oC to 0oC in 43 proceedingss, ( 13 ) Latent heat required Next was calculated which is the power needed to run the ice on the aircraft at 0oC in 47 proceedingss. ( 14 ) Therefore the entire power needed to run ice on the aircraft in 43 proceedingss by utilizing infrared deink engineering, QIR is ( 15 ) To do the value of QIR more realistic some premises refering the sum of energy loss, between the heat beginning and the wing were added. From this the excess power that the optical maser will necessitate to give out in order to get the better of the inferred energy lost as between the beginning and its finish ( transport efficiency ) and the energy lost due to contemplation by the ice on the surface of the wing ( absorption efficiency ) was calculated. Laser device efficiency, I ·laser=0.33, Transport efficiency, I ·transport = 0.75 Absorption efficiency, I ·absorbtion =0.75 The optical maser device, conveyance and soaking up efficiencies cut down the sum of energy that heats the ice. This is called the efficiency loss, 1-I ·i, and it was calculated as follows,( 16 ) Hence, ( 17 ) Similarly, ( 18 ) Hence, the per centum excess energy, , required to cover for these energy losingss is ( 19 ) In existent footings ( 20 ) From this the entire IR power required to run ice from ice from its initial temperature of -20oC ( 21 ) = 586kW+227.9kW +1090.5kW= 1904.4 kilowattCost of de-icing utilizing IR energyConvert to kWh, The entire IR energy demand was converted into kWh as the de-icing clip of about 43 proceedingss for a Boeing 747 in highly rough conditions ( wingsmagazine, 2010 ) ( 22 ) In Minnesota during 2010 the â€Å" Average Retail Monetary value of Electricity to Ultimate clients † within was $ 0.068 per kWh ( Electric power monthly, 2010 ) Therefore the estimated the cost of defrosting a Boeing 747, by IR radiation in 43 proceedingss is: ( 23 ) We must account for the cost of anti-icing fluid ; this 10 % of the normal sum of ethanediol ( 24 ) Hence, ( 25 ) This system runs for 157days, with 293 takeoffs per twenty-four hours which gives an one-year running cost of approximately $ 26.8 million per tablet. ( 26 ) The capital cost of the IR de-icing tablets The JFK airdrome is a hub airdrome runs commercial rider flights in a similar manner to the the MSP airdrome. The JFK airdrome cost â€Å" $ 9.5-million † and can keep big aircraft such as the Boeing 747, which this study focuses on. Due to these similarities it can be assumed that the cost of the IR installation in 2010 will be around US $ 9.5 million every bit good. However a cost index should be used because the IR installation in JFK airdrome was commissioned in 2006 ( Wingsmagazine, 2010 ) The cost of the hanger was scaled up utilizing the CEPCI, so that it would be accurate for 2010. The latest information available to us was the CEPCI for 2008, it was 575.4 so and as of April 2010 it is 55.3 ( Access Intelligence, LLC 2010 ) . Taking this into history an estimation of the cost of the hanger in 2010 was made. ( Eqn 27 ) ( 27 ) There are five IR de-icing tablets so the entire capital cost is $ 49,219,345 Fixed cost – Staff fees The IR airdock, spray country and aggregation country will each hold a supervisor and operator, working an 8 hr, 9AM-5PM displacement for 5 yearss per hebdomad. Their wages will be ?18,000 ( technician ) and ?24,000 ( supervisor ) . The senior director for each de-icing tablet will hold a wage of $ 30,000. MSP will necessitate 5 new IR de-icing tablets to replace the 5 EG de-icing tablets that they presently use.

Sand Dust Storm in China

Global Conference on Natural Disasters | Sand dust storm in China | Focus on China | | Contents 1. 0 Introduction2 2. 0 Sand Dust Storm in China2 2. 1 Definition2 2. 2 Location2 2. 3 When did it happen? 2 2. 4 What caused the event? 2 2. 5 What areas were affected? 2 3. 0 Effects and Damage of Sand Dust Storm2 3. 1 Short and long term effects2 3. 2 Extent of the Damage2 4. 0 Historic Records and Extent of effects of Sand Dust Storm2 4. 1 Historic Records of Sand Dust Storm in Beijing2 4. 2 Main damage ways of Sand Dust Storm2 4. 3 Damage of Sand Dust Storm2 . 0 Prevention and Positive effects of Sand Dust Storm2 5. 1 Causes of Sand Dust storm2 5. 2 Prevention2 5. 3 Positive outcomes from the disaster2 6. 0 The End2 Conclusion2 Recommendations2 Reference list2 1. 0 Introduction This report is authorised by the attending of a global conference on natural disasters. It focuses on one of main problems of China and uses a descriptive statistical method to analyse the historical overview o f global natural disasters to ascertain the influence of sand dust storm on China. 2. 0 Sand Dust Storm in China 2. Definition â€Å"A sand storm is basically a wind storm that carries sand through the air, forming a relatively low cloud near the ground† (Coenraads 2006, 234). â€Å"Most sandstorms occur in the sandy areas of deserts. Some occur on beaches; dry riverbeds; or deposits of gravel, sand, and silt called alluvial fans† (Dirks 2010, 110). â€Å"Dust storms form in semi-arid and arid regions where small dust and sand particles are blown into the air† (Coenraads 2006, 234). â€Å"A dust storm may occur hundreds of miles and rise to a height of more than 305 meters.It carries as much as 875 metric tons of dust particles per cubic kilometre of air† (Dirks 2010, 392). 2. 2 Location Strong dust storms hit Xinjiang Autonomous Region, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Hebei, Beijing, Hong Kong and Taiwan. (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010) 2. 3 W hen did it happen? It happened on March 22, 2010. (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010) 2. 4 What caused the event? Beijing meteorological offices director GuoHu said, â€Å"This influence of Beijing's dust source is in Mongolia and in middle Inner Mongolia region.The dust was wafted from thousands of meters altitude by the conveying of strong winds. From the perspective of meteorology, this is unstoppable climate phenomena† (Xinhua NET 2010). 2. 5 What areas were affected? The other areas were affected where were â€Å"South Korea, North Korea and Japan by March 22, before being carried across the Pacific Ocean by the jet stream, with some dust reaching the West Coast of the United States† (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010). 3. 0 Effects and Damage of Sand Dust Storm 3. 1 Short and long term effects â€Å"The dust storm in late March spiralled around a strong low pressure system.Many areas recorded an extremely rare level 5 â€Å"hazardous† rating f or air quality. Many flights in Beijing were also delayed or cancelled. Air pollution readings in Hong Kong reached a record high, reaching at least 15 times the recommended maximum levels by the World Health Organization. Taiwan also reported a new record for worst sandstorm conditions. A strong sandstorm tore through Turpan in Xinjiang on April 23, sparking fires that killed two people and forcing a shutdown of rail and road traffic for six hours† (2010 China drought and dust storms 2010). . 2 Extent of the Damage According to the news releases of the state forestry administration desertification monitoring centre of China on March 28 2010, Extent of the Damage of Sand Dust Storm affected 304 counties of 11 provinces and the air of 6 key cities was severely Polluted. The affected area is about 1. 20 square kilometres, the affected population is about 70 million people, and cultivated land area was affected more than 6. 4 million hectares, garden area was more than 1. million hectares, grassland area was more than 65 million hectares. (2010 new composition in the exams preparation material: climate and environment 2010) 4. 0 Historic Records and Extent of effects of Sand Dust Storm 4. 1 Historic Records of Sand Dust Storm in Beijing Sand Dust Storm does not only appear in the present times, it has already appeared since ancient times. The Sand Dust Storm has appeared since 1425 in Beijing. It normally mainly appeared in Beijing from January to April in Chinese calendar. The probability is 83. 6%. It has appeared almost annually since 2000. (Dr. Mars 2010) 4. 2 Main damage ways of Sand Dust Storm Firstly it is the strong wind. The strong wind uses sand and dust to destroy buildings and public facilities and cause the casualties of people and livestock. Secondly it is sand buried. The wind-drift sand causes a lot of events they are farmland, channel, cottages, railway and pasture were sand buried, and especially cause serious threat for transportation. Th e third way is wind erosion, and the last way is air pollution. Dr. Mars 2010) 4. 3 Damage of Sand Dust Storm The sand dust storm mainly causes 5 results. They are ecological environment deterioration, damage of production and life, losses of lives and property, damage traffic safety and harm to human health. (Dr. Mars 2010) 5. 0 Prevention and Positive effects of Sand Dust Storm 5. 1 Causes of Sand Dust storm The causes of sand dust storm might be degeneration of grassland and vegetation and excessive reclamation. 5. 2 Prevention The Sand Dust Storm has not been prevented yet.Beijing meteorological offices director GuoHu said,† As long as the sediment sources exist, sandstorm will not disappear† (Xinhua NET 2010). 5. 3 Positive outcomes from the disaster Although there is much harm of sandstorm, but the whole process of sandstorm is a part of natural ecosystem. It can slow the damage of greenhouse effect and slow the acid rain or soil acidification. (TT Aixuan 2010) 6. 0 The End Conclusion The sand dust storm is caused by degeneration of grassland and vegetation and excessive reclamation.Although it is a part of natural ecosystem, it causes lots of damages like: ecological environment deterioration, damage of production and life, losses of lives and property, damage traffic safety and harm to human health. We should try to prevent it with the ways like establish forecast system of sandstorm and improve environmental governance and environmental protection. Recommendations From this research report, we can find a nature rule that is if human cannot protect earth and make the ecological balance ourselves; earth will use its own way to make the balance.But here is a problem that is normally the method of earth uses is more harmful for human than our own way. Reference list 2010 China drought and dust storms. 2010. Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/2010_China_drought_and_dust_storms#cite_note-21 (accessed November 24, 2010). 2010 new compositi on in the exams preparation material: climate and environment. 2010. http://peng99. com/zuowen/Article/2852_2. shtml (accessed November 25, 2010). Coenraads, R. 2006. Natural disasters and how we cope. Victoria: The Five Mile Press. Dirks, A. 2010. Dust storm in The World Book Encyclopedia.Vol. 5. Chicago: World Book. Dirks, A. 2010. Sandstorm in The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 17. Chicago: World Book. Dr. Mars. 2010. Beijing sand dust storm. http://baike. baidu. com/view/3381041. htm (accessed November 26, 2010). TT Aixuan. 2010. Sand duststorm. Bai Du Encyclopedia. http://baike. baidu. com/view/2097. htm (accessed November 24, 2010). Xinhua NET. 2010. Meteorological experts: as long as the sediment sources exist, Beijing sandstorms will not disappear. http://news. sina. com. cn/c/2010-03-20/114119905302. shtml (accessed November 26, 2010).

Article Analysis for Organizational and Citizenship Behavior

This paper looks at organizational aspects and workplace relations, which can be, used in   developing commitment and enabling a setting that enhances   the innovative behavior of nurses who are working within the Australian health care system. It also provides an insight into the link between different factors and their influence on enabling employees to have organizational commitment and innovative behavior (Brunetto & Xerri 2013). The Australian healthcare system is being affected by a shortage of nurses. Nurses are leaving the profession due to different issues and there is a problem of retention across a number of Australian hospitals. Many wards in the public and private healthcare institutions are being forced into closure due to the shortage of nurses. It is therefore in the best interest of healthcare organizations to delve into the issues that affect nurses such that they cannot maintain their commitment. When effective relationships in the work place are made, the organization gets a number of benefits as successful relations amongst staff at different levels in the organization results in   sharing of information and trust hence making employees feel empowered and they also embrace accountability (Brunetto & Xerri 2013).This enables them to perform their roles in an efficient and effective manner. The authors provide an insight into how hospitals are able to enhance efficiency of nurses. They conclude that relationships which are social can be used to improve the innovative actions of nurses. Hospitals must therefore ensure that nurses are attached emotionally to healthcare institutions and that they have enough social relationships in the workplace that will enable them to get knowledge, information and resources that will support the innovative process (Brunetto & Xerri 2013).   Brunetto, Y. and Xerri, M.J, 2013. Fostering innovative behaviour: The importance of employee commitment and organisational citizenship behaviour.  The International Journal of Human Resource Management ,  24(16), pp.3163-3177. Looking for an answer 'who will do my essay for cheap',

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Essay

Compare and contrast two plays, Dr. Fausto and The Importance of Being Earnest, which address a specific moral or social theme - Essay Example However, both of these plays also directly address the question of morality, or perhaps immorality would be a better term, of deliberate deception. Within Wilde’s play, more than one character pretends to be someone or something different from what they really are. They are only able to achieve a state of true happiness when they ‘come clean’ about their identities, thus fulfilling the name of the play by illustrating the importance of being earnest, which is another term for honest and sincere. Marlowe’s story focuses more on the darker elements or consequences of deception as his character perpetrates a number of cruel tricks to fulfill his own sense of amusement, fooling both himself and others until he finally comes to realize the true horror of his own doom. Although the course of events is much different from Wilde to Marlowe leading to necessarily differing conclusions regarding the consequences of deception, both playwrights attempt to convey to the ir audiences that deception, no matter what its form or intent, is rarely if ever worth the trouble it creates. Within each of these plays, deception is seen as the only means by which the characters can achieve their own personal inner desires from life. Approaching the lighter of the two plays first, the primary characters in Wilde’s play are Jack Worthing and Algernon ‘Algy’ Moncrieff. As the play begins, it becomes immediately obvious that both of these characters feel severely hampered in pursuing their interests by the rigid conventions of polite society. The only means they discover to escape these constraints is to invent an alter ago who provides them with the means of adopting an entirely different persona. While their individual games are not specifically designed to bring harm upon anyone, the complications that ensue when each of these

Richter Magnitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Richter Magnitude - Essay Example Developed by Charles F. Richter in 1934, the scale measures the magnitude of an earthquake, with 0 being a very small earthquake that is generally not felt, going up to a magnitude 12, which would be like a large, miles-wide meteor hitting the earth's surface. The measurement formula in mathematical terms is "A is the amplitude, in millimeters, measured directly from the photographic paper record of the Wood-Anderson seismometer, a special type of instrument. The distance factor comes from a table that can be found in Richter's (1958) book Elementary Seismology," (Louie, J., 1996). The solution is the local magnitude of the earthquake. When measuring the magnitude of an earthquake, the difference between a magnitude seven and magnitude six earthquake is 10 times stronger, whereas the difference between a magnitude eight and magnitude six earthquake would be 100 times stronger. This is due to the logarithmic basis of the scale. "Each whole number increase in magnitude represents a tenfold increase in measured amplitude; as an estimate of energy, each whole number step in the magnitude scale corresponds to the release of about 31 times more energy than the amount associated with the preceding whole number value," (USGS, 1989). In America, many earthquakes tend to occur on the West Coast. ... An earthquake in a densely populated area which results in many deaths and considerable damage may have the same magnitude as a shock in a remote area that does nothing more than frighten the wildlife. Large-magnitude earthquakes that occur beneath the oceans may not even be felt by humans," (USGS, 1989). In the case of this earthquake in Alaska, most of the damage was due to landslides. In 1906 in San Francisco, California, an earthquake measuring 8.3 on the Richter Scale resulted in fires which caused more damage than the earthquake itself. (USGS, 1989) References Louis, J. (1996). Richter Magnitude. Seismo.unr.edu. Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/magnitude.html USGS. (1989). The Serverity of an Earthquake. US Government Printing Office. (1998-288-913). Retrieved November 1, 2006 from http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/earthq4/severitygip.html

Is the development of oilsands essential to Canadas future prosperity Assignment

Is the development of oilsands essential to Canadas future prosperity Give Pros and Cons - Assignment Example Oil sand is a composition of many substances including water, soil, sand and bitumen. The bitumen is the thick and vicious oil. For bitumen to gain importance, it must be subjected into a series of treatments (Alberta Energy 4). The Alberta’s oil sands are of immense importance to both Canada and the rest of the globe as it supplies energy is not only more stable than other energy sources, but also reliable. Alberta’s oil sands utilize the most advanced form of technology in the extraction of oil, in addition to being the most developed in the whole world. Alberta’s oil has very many uses. Some of the uses include use of oil in driving cars, manufacturing of cosmetics, bubble gums and other substances like toothpastes. Researchers and developers have estimated that Alberta’s oil sand deposits will sustain Canada for a period of over a hundred and fifty years. However, with the current rate of extraction of oil at Alberta, the period of sustainability may fall below the 150 years. Even with the high rates of extraction, it is estimated that only a portion of about 20% has been extracted and the rest, 80% is yet to be extracted because of the huge depth the oil lays (Albertas Oil S ands Economic Benefits, pars. 2-3, 4). The major method of oil extraction at Alberta oil sands is through steam injection. The steam is exerted to liquefy the bitumen, and water has to be pumped in to mix with melted bitumen, to facilitate it to flow the surface, from the underground. During the separation process, bitumen is obtained and the rest of the mixture is poured away. It is estimated that 75% of bitumen is obtained, and 25% is lost to waste during the separation process (Albertas Oil Sands Economic Benefits, pars. 2 & 3, 4). Alberta’s oil sands are a great source of future prosperity to Canada. Oil is a major driver of a country’s economy. It is evident that all oil producing

MKTG216 - Consumer Demographics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MKTG216 - Consumer Demographics - Essay Example al., 2011). Based on the demographic perception, certain age groups decipher different choices than others. In addition to this, their choices of product are also influenced by cultural diversity. The buying behaviour of consumers is also mostly influenced by the income factor. Illustratively, luxurious products are preferred by people who have higher income than those who have lower income levels (Afzal & Pakistan, 2013). In order to justify the stated notions or speculations, the paper analyses the changes in household mortgage expenditure distributions and inequalities in Leichhardt and Fairfield from 2006 to 2011. The paper also aims to elaborate the distribution of household mortgage repayment differences in between the mentioned years. The Gini coefficients of the two cities, Leichhardt and Fairfield, have thus been analysed to measure inequality in the distribution of household mortgage expenditure. The Gini coefficient is used as a statistical measure associated with the income of a family that covers wages, salaries, income from properties, dividends, royalties and other sources of household incomes. The income earned by individuals is arranged according to certain ranking patterns and cumulative percentages of household are derived from it. Income and wealth are different from each perspective where income is defined as the total availability of monetary funds in the present situation whereas wealth refers to savings or other capital assets collected with the aim of future expenditure. Therefore, in a particular time period, the inequality in income would not affect the wealth distribution spontaneously within a demographic area. On the other hand, it is likely that a country with equal allocation of income has immeasurable inequality of wealth distribution. Contextually, Gini coefficient is important for the

LinkedIn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

LinkedIn - Essay Example Slide Share is usually an under-utilized site. It is a presentation of Wikipedia and for those who love it says it remains a site that drives qualified leads for the company (Gerard, 2011). This shows that the company does not go for flashy networks but looks for those that provide the best benefits the company already offers. Additionally, LinkedIn contains ads that makes the experience of its users more robust and richer. This ensures it maintains its current users and attracts others. Through this, the company can be said to be so successful through its good strategies (Slutsky, 2010). To make LinkedIn more successful, it is vital to transform the company into a publishing hub to diversify its services. As a manager, I would lead the company into utilizing its best assets that are its 2.4 million companies and 200 million peers who use the service and link them through one large knowledge exchange platform. Through this, LinkedIn will be a professional publishing platform and valuable context will be provided for the small, medium, and large businesses who need to target and involve with professionals (Grove, 2013). In addition, business content like news articles, whitepapers, and educated discussion threads, among others that cannot be found elsewhere will be available on LinkedIn and this will ensure individuals and companies come back for more. The future strategy that LinkedIn should consider is to hang onto its walled garden method making it the professional network service. It should uphold its focus on serving professions and must not turn to another socia l network service like Facebook or Twitter. It must preserve distinctness. Lastly, it should acquire pulse which is a mobile readers application to enable its users access valuable information on the site from anywhere through their mobile phones. Through this, the company is likely to be

The Truman Show Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Truman Show - Assignment Example The film appropriately shows the dilemma of identity experienced by Truman as he wonders whether is life is real or is part of a staged drama, with its script written by other controllers. This dilemma which he experiences is part of the multiphrenia referred to by Gergen in many respects. First, the self population of Truman in his own life and the presence of a large audience watching Truman’s activities through hidden cameras is a determinant of the fact that Truman has a multiple sense of ‘self’ where one is himself and the other is the Truman being watched by the audience. Even the world around Truman is part of the staged â€Å"reality† based in the sets of Seahaven thereby creating an artificial world for Truman to dwell in. While every other character in the show is an actor, Truman is one who is just living his life like a supposedly normal individual, but which is a show for the world outside. Although Truman seems to be quite a popular character from the television show, it is important to understand that Truman himself has been isolated from the external world just as Gergen described is an implication of the inculcation of more and more individual values. Before being himself, Truman is put in front of others in the world making him an object similar to a commodity or a good that is understood in terms of its demand among the people. Gergen gives a critical thought on the set of interpretations made by the audiences who base their meanings out of some pre-knowledge gained through experience. Gergen has called this ‘forestructure’ or ‘perspective’ which is a set of prior understandings which enable an individual to derive meanings out of any textual or verbal information. Since the same perspective has now adopted multiple forms, there has been an increase in the complexity of truth. This fact also introduces confusion as to concept of rationality within an individual. Although Truman is able to f ind his way out of the fake world he had been forced into. In many ways, Truman is living an ideal life: one which is illusory and fake, and the way his life differs from an average human being largely lies in the perception of Truman’s world.  

Racism in Morocco Essay Example for Free

Racism in Morocco Essay AP History Take home test Yasser Benamirouche1-compare and contrast president Polks willingness to go to war against Mexico over Texas but not against Britain over Oregon. I believe that there is political and economical reasons behind that.. Britain is a much stronger enemy and I do not think it was a good idea to go to war with them because it might end badly for the U.S while Mexico that just got its freedom it was an â€Å"easy target† I believe and it kinda was the case because the United States one the war and got Texas and more. A second reason will be that Polk; being from the Jacksonian party which stood for slavery; wanted to get Texas and make it a slave state which will give more power to the slave states while if they got Oregon it would have been a free state which is not what Jacksonian democrat would want. Those were the political reasons now with the economical reasons, getting Texas would open a gateway to California and therefor the trade with Southern America which will be very profitable for the United States of America. 2-what are the reason that American settlers were so eager to go west in this time period? Discuss the hardships they would have faced on their journey West. American settlers moving West was motivated by different ideas like that the settlers were responsible of spreading Christianity and that the United States was meant to spread in the continent making a â€Å"making a new heaven on earth† and it was documented and it became the practical document â€Å" Manifest Destiny which was used by democrats to explain their expansions â€Å" the War with Mexico etc.. 3-Asses the validity of the following statement†although Americans percieved manifest destiny as a benevolent movement, it was in fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others† I believe what was said is very true, the Manifest Disteny was a way to explain the unexplainable which is going to war and taking over lands by killing its native habitants like in the War of Mexico and the Trails of tears, while at the same time discourage any attempt by the eastern world to take any similar actions 4-asses the validity of the following statement â€Å" the Mexican war was a major reason of the American civil war†. Caused by the addition of vast new territories and the fight between the southerners and northerners to see which states will be slave states and which states will not, the northerners wanted California so badly so they had to give something in exchange and the thing they gave was the right for southerners to hunt down any running slaves and bring back which irritated the northerners and overheated the whole debate by the end of 1850s+.

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates

Benefits of Patient Representatives and Advocates What are patient representatives and advocates, and in what ways do they benefit patients? There has been an arguable change within the working practices of the healthcare systems in the UK (and elsewhere) in the recent few decades. One can point to the gradual evolution of the general public perception of the doctor / physician from an unchallengeable, unapproachable all-knowing figure embodying benign paternalism at the inception of the NHS to the still knowledgeable, but nevertheless accountable, healthcare professional who has to consider the patient’s needs and requirements but can still be capable of making decisions which may not be in the patient’s best overall interests. (1) This has been coupled with the ascendancy of other stakeholders, such as the pharmaceutical industry, whose aims and objectives may not always run parallel with the concept of holistic patient care. (2) One can also argue that the concept of advocacy has risen to the fore in recent years, as a result of such evolutionary processes, with most stakeholders agreeing that the role of the patient advocate is an essential prerequisite of modern healthcare systems and is believed to be a means of safeguarding good patient care. At first sight, this movement could be considered a universal concept of excellence with no downside, after all, patient centred care and patient empowerment and education are considered current ideals in healthcare delivery and surely patient advocacy must be considered a major tool in helping to achieve these goals? This essay challenges this notion and intends to set out the arguments both for and against this proposition. There is no doubt that the concept of advocacy has gained credence in the recent past and is considered to be a means of safeguarding standards of good patient care. (3) It is perhaps unsurprising that a number of different healthcare professional groupings claim the intrinsic right to be patient advocates suggesting, in support of their claims, that their particular branch of the profession has an inherent capability in the role. Closer inspection might suggest that the different professions, and indeed different individuals within these professions, may actually have different interpretations of, and applications for the role of the patient advocate. (4) The result of this spectrum of beliefs is that there is both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be, what it entails and what values it should have. This is disturbing from an analytical viewpoint, as it is generally agreed that the concept of advocacy brings with it a number of privileges, some of which are largely based on the acceptance of the fact that the patient advocate is presumed to have insights into the way in which patients perceive their own interests, others include an enhancement of the individual’s own professional standing. To expand the first point further. We have used the term â€Å"patients perceived interests† to include their perceived beliefs into their rights and protective mechanisms, including their entitlement of force and degree of input into clinical decision making, relating to their own case. Despite the comments and considerations already presented, we would suggest that inherent in the discussions relating to patient advocacy, will be an element which considers whether there is an actual need for the patient advocate. If we are able to demonstrate a need, then we should also consider exactly what are the features that a patient advocate would need to embody and also it follows that we should discuss who is best suited to fulfil the role. Firstly then, we need to consider whether or not a patient advocate is actually needed in the current mechanisms of delivery of NHS healthcare. Is there actually a need to support patients, to express their perceived needs more vociferously, to ensure that their needs are taken seriously and that their interests are actively promoted? This is probably best illustrated by considering cases at the extreme end of the continuum of need. We can cite recently publicised cases where conjoined twins were separated by direction of a court despite the protestations and direct opposition of their parents (5). One can also consider a more frequently encountered practical problem, where the mentally ill patient decides to stop medication and the doctor in charge of the case disagrees. On face value, these types of situations appear to make a fairly unanswerable case for the existence of the patient advocate. On deeper examination however, one can take the view that the concept of advocacy can appear to impose certain difficulties in the obvious and necessary relationship between the healthcare professional and the patient, which may give it an appearance which is possibly neither required, desirable or actually merited. The presence of an advocate in the therapeutic negotiations between doctor and patient carries with it an implied suggestion that the two parties are not only in conflict over the decisions relating to the best (or most appropriate) treatment for the patient, but that the professionals may not actually have patient’s best interests in sight and may actually have ulterior motives from which the patient needs to be protected. Clearly this is an extreme position, and may well not be representative of the vast majority of doctor-patient interactions. We do not seek to argue against the fact that the ideal (and probably normal) relationship between doctor and patient is anything other than one of holistic care and that the healthcare professional takes the requirements and desires of the patient fully into account when formulating care plans and carrying out professional interactions. If we are correct in the assumption that this is actually the case, then it follows that, in the normal doctor-patient interaction, there is palpably no need for a patient advocate as this can be interpreted as being seen as an inherent part of the professional activity of a healthcare professional. This point of view is enhanced by an examination of the advice given and regulations imposed by the various professional regulatory bodies in the UK. For example, the GMC gives advice to all registered doctors: make the care of your patients your first concern, respect patients dignity and privacy; listen to patients and respect their views; respect the right of patients to be fully involved in decisions about their care. (6) The United Kingdom Central Committee for Nursing and Health Visiting (UKCC) also add that their recommendation is that their registered professionals should â€Å"ensure that the interests of patients inform every act of the practitioner† (cited in 7). Nurses specifically are directed to: act at all times in such a manner as to safeguard and promote the interests of patients and clients. Work in an open and cooperative manner with patients, clients and their families, foster their independence and recognise and respect their involvement in the planning and delivery of care. (8) All of these arguments and professional statements are consistent with the Ethical principal of Beneficence, which effectively charges all healthcare professionals with a duty to protect the patient from harm. It is probably beyond dispute that the vast majority of healthcare professionals, if asked, would suggest that they would adopt these principles in their professional work. If this is the case, then one could reasonably argue that there is no need for the patient advocate since the professionals in the healthcare system are already aware of their responsibilities in this respect and that an insistence on a requirement for a distinct and separate role of a patient advocate could be considered unnecessary, alarmist and fraught with the potential to produce conflict. (9) Part of the discrepancy in these viewpoints becomes obvious when one considers the right of the individual patient and the collective rights of all patients. Healthcare professionals have a duty of beneficence to the patient that they are treating, but there is also a wider responsibility to â€Å"The Public Health† in a general sense, and this certainly is a major source of potential conflict. This is not an academic argument but a very practical one. Closer examination of the documents cited above shows that, for example, the GMC requires doctors to consider and respond to the needs of â€Å"all patients† not just the individual patient that they are treating at the time. This clearly has a huge potential for producing conflict when, since the advent of initiatives such as Fundholding, many doctors also have varying degrees of responsibility for running their own budgets which then directly reflect on patient care. (2). Such conflicts enhance the perception, by the public at large, that their own perceived individual interests are being balanced by the doctor (or other healthcare professional) against the interests of other factions. If the doctor needs to prioritise treatment (as inevitably they must in a rationed service such as the NHS), the patient may believe that their own needs are being subsumed by a consideration of the greater public good, thereby depriving them of both autonomy and the possibility of achieving those treatment goals that would otherwise have been set for them. (10) One only has to consider the furore surrounding the Alderhey organ retention issue to appreciate that such a view has a considerable validity and topical resonance. This issue has been addressed by a number of authorities in the past. In a milestone paper on the issue, Fried compared the role of the advocate in the medical field with the eponymous role in the legal profession. (11) He drew a number of analogies between the doctor patient relationship and the relationship between the lawyer and the client, describing them both as non-utilitarian because: The ideal of professional loyalty to ones client permits, even demands, an allocation of the lawyers time, passion, and resources in ways that are not always maximally conducive to the greatest good for the greatest number. Both professions affirm the principle that the professionals primary loyalty is to his client, his patient. The case would therefore seem to be made for the presence of the patient advocate, although it is neither as transparent nor as clear cut as it might appear on first consideration. If we now consider the argument from a different perspective, we could look at the reasons why the calls for advocacy still persist in the literature. The NHS Plan 2000 called for the acceptance of multidisciplinary team working and the adoption of the concept of the healthcare team. As a result of this initiative, decisions relating to patient care tend to me made more often by a multi-input team of professionally qualified individuals than by one individual alone, particularly in the hospital setting ( although the same comments are arguably less true in a primary healthcare team setting). (12) In general terms, such decisions are made when the patient is typically ill, vulnerable or may have diminished degrees of (legal) competence. In circumstances such as these, it is easy to see why some authorities can argue that the patient may need a degree of extra support (possibly both practical and moral) to be sure that their own wishes, preferences and choices are heard, weighed and fully considered by the team. This is particularly the case where the patient’s choices may appear to be bizarre, irrational or counterintuitive. Certainly it is the case when the patient’s choice is not the one that is preferred by the clinical staff. Authorities such as Seedhouse suggest that, in these circumstances, the patient advocate can assume the mantle of helping the patient translate their expressed desires into a cogent treatment plan and to help to steer the healthcare team in the direction preferred by the patient. (13). The practicalities of this function being invested in a professional member of the treatment team become obvious when one considers that it is still normal practice to exclude the patient, even intelligent and informed ones, from the discussion forum where treatment plans and goals are formulated. The advocate can thereby ensure that the patient’s wishes and desires are still represented even in the circumstances when the patient is absent. (14). The other side of this argument is that the dual role of the patient advocate is also to report back to the patient the decisions of the team in a language and a context that is appropriate for the patient’s level of comprehension, thereby keeping the patient informed of decisions made. This degree of communication also provides an obstacle in the arguments supporting advocacy because it implies a full understanding and clear insight , by the advocate, of the patient’s needs (as the patient perceives them) so that the advocate can present them to the healthcare professionals in the team. Incomplete understanding of these issues can clearly lead to distortion and bias which undermines the usefulness of the arrangement. We alluded earlier to the fact that there was â€Å"both confusion and uncertainty as to what advocacy is, or actually should be†. Before we examine the subject further, it is useful to consult the literature for authorities on the subject. We have already presented Seedhouse’s view that an advocate speaks on behalf of another person as that person perceives his interests. This may be true, but it is not the way that advocacy is generally employed in the medical literature and medical practice. A brief overview of the literature on the subject will reveal a number of different interpretations of the essential characteristics of a patient advocate specifically in the healthcare setting and these include: Inform the patient and promote informed consent (8) Empower the patient and protect autonomy. (12) Protect the rights and interests of patients where they cannot protect their own. (3) Ensure patients have fair access to available resources. (15) Support the patient no matter what the potential cost (4) Represent the views/desires of the patient and not just their needs (4) If we follow Schwartz’s analysis it would appear that advocacy has two related tensions: Conflict between what can reasonably be an expected duty of health care practitioners, and what might be beyond reasonable expectations The difficulty in distinguishing between what is actual representation of patients wishes, and what is an assertion of what the advocate believes to be in the best interests of the patient, which would be better described as paternalism. The logical conclusion from the first point is that there is a dichotomy of opinion as to whether advocacy is an essential ethical professional duty or whether it is a burden which is not an essential prerequisite, but a choice that can be made voluntarily. It follows, from the arguments already set out, that if a patient advocate assumes the mantle of agreeing to try to present the patient’s perceptions of their situation and needs, unconditionally and accurately, then they may find themselves in a dilemma of discovering that the patient’s choices conflict with their own and require professional compromise which they may be unwilling to make. On a different level, it may impose a burden of anticipated conflict with other professionals. This may put the patient advocate in a situation which is clearly at odds with the views and guidance published by the profession’s governing bodies expressed earlier. For these (and other) reasons, we could therefore argue that advocacy may be better described as an admirable choice rather than and expectation and duty of healthcare professionals. (16). Wu (17) gives a good practical illustration of this point. How should a potential patient advocate respond to a request for an amputation of a healthy limb from a patient suffering from a body dimorphic syndrome? One might suspect that such a request would produce considerable conflict in the professional practice of the advocate, quite apart from the almost certain conflict that it would arouse with most other professionals when this view was expressed. The assumption of such a role in these circumstances would suggest that the advocate would have to exhibit unconditional support of the patient’s expressed needs and the ability to suppress their own professional feelings on the subject. The concept of paternalism is commonly confused with advocacy in the literature. Some authorities refer to advocacy (wrongly in our view) as the action of assisting a patient through their illness trajectory, or particular clinical procedure, by acting as a resource to provide clarification, advice and education. Halbach (18) suggests that this type of activity is not advocacy for the patient, as it is not as a representative of the patient that the advocate is acting, but as a representative of the healthcare system and clearly this is quite a different concept. It is clearly admirable to help and guide the patient through the complexities of a medical procedure and to minimise the possibilities of miscommunication that can occur if the patient’s own intellectual capacities and abilities are limited. This type of â€Å"advocacy† does not however, represent the patient, Indeed, one could argue that such paternalism may be inadvertently (or even overtly) utilised as an opportunity of the albeit well meaning healthcare professional to bias or frankly manipulate the patient into making the preferred choice. This type of activity, although promoted as one of the attributes and requirements of advocacy, does little to clarify the confusion that exists in this area, as it is essentially doing what the healthcare professional believes is best for the patient, or in the patient’s best interests, even though it may actually override the patient’s expressed needs. It needs to be contrasted with the definition of advocacy that we are arguing in this essay which is advocating what the patient wants, even if this goes against what the healthcare professional actually believes is best for the patient. Obviously there are a number of clinical situations where advocacy and paternalism may appear to overlap, but a critical analysis of the situation should allow a clear, albeit fine, distinction between these two states. If the overriding analysis is that the advocate is essentially supporting the decisions that they believe are in the best interests of the patient, but not necessarily putting forward the views of the patient, then the action is paternalistic. This difference is all the more important when the patient is actually capable of expressing their own considered views in any event Malin (19) reminds us of the generally accepted definition of paternalism which is to override a person’s autonomously self determined choices on the grounds that they believe that it is in the patient’s best interests. If this is presented as paternalism then so be it. If it is presented as advocacy, then it is morally and ethically wrong. There are occasionally circumstances in which it is not possible to be sure of exactly what the patient wants. The paradox is that those who are able to express themselves are probably least likely to require an advocate and yet those who are actually in the greatest need of advocacy are those who may be unconscious or legally incompetent. If we embrace the arguments that we have set out so far, it follows that the healthcare professional who is acting in the capacity as patient advocate must do all that they can to help the patient. This is morally appropriate and recognised as part of the responsibility of the office. This is in direct distinction from considerations relating to the rest of the community, ones colleagues or, for that matter, other patients, which must not be considered if they are antagonistic to the position that the patient finds themselves in. The thrust of this argument clearly means that there may well be situations encountered, which may professionally, or even personally, compromise the activities of the patient advocate. We can return to Fried’s analogy with the criminal lawyer advocate in an attempt to find a compromise solution. Later in his article, Fried points to the fact that lawyers have to compromise themselves to provide optimum help for their clients and this includes acting knowing that they may compromise the position of others. As we have already outlined, a healthcare professional who agrees to be a patient advocate, may have to antagonise others if they are to carry out their duties impartially and with a proper ethical respect for client autonomy. (20) Fried takes his rationalisation to the limits when he states: The lawyer acts morally because he helps to preserve and express the autonomy of his client vis-à  -vis the legal system. Rights are violated if, through ignorance or misinformation about the law, an individual refrains from pursuing a wholly lawful purpose. Therefore, to assist others in understanding and realising their legal rights is always morally worthy. (11) If we accept the validity of this argument then we can also accept the corollary can apply to healthcare professionals. True representation is, in Fried’s terms, morally worthy and can be justified because it protects patient autonomy in the face of a â€Å"potentially overwhelming and intimidating healthcare system† (21) To bring this thread of argument full circle, we can point to the fact that it can therefore be considered part of the duty of the healthcare professional to provide assistance and guidance because, by virtue of their training knowledge and expertise, they have the experience to be expert navigators in the healthcare system. In the words of Schwartz The patient advocate assists the patient to do what they would otherwise be unable to do themselves. These arguments justify numbers five and six on the list above. Having established both the need and the parameters of the role of the patient advocate, we should now consider the qualities and the position of the patient advocate in general terms. The patient may be in a position to fulfil the role adequately themselves. In theoretical terms this may be seen as the best possible outcome, as clearly the ability to give informed consent is a natural sequel to the ability to represent oneself. In practical terms this is seldom accomplished as, by the very nature of being a patient, there is an implication of the state of illness and this brings with it a degree of vulnerability in all but the most stoic of individuals. Few patients have sufficient knowledge to be able to assimilate all that is told to them in the context of their illness and may also therefore benefit from having an â€Å"external† or uninvolved advocate. The friends and family of a patient are natural candidates for the role as they generally know the patient as a person, they are familiar with their needs and desires and can (sometimes) be relied upon to have an empathetic desire to ensure the best outcome for the patient. Such candidates may not be universally altruistic however, as there may be the possibility of family and friends having a vested interest in a less than optimum outcome of a patient’s illness. They may therefore be perceived as being at risk of overtly manipulating the situation or misrepresenting the patient, as there may be an outcome-related benefit for the family member. Inevitably there will be a commitment to a great deal of involvement, both in terms of time and emotional energy, which may be generously given, but should not be taken for granted. Such comments should obviously be considered by the healthcare professionals involved, but this should not be allowed to blind them to the common clinical e xperience that the vast majority of friends and family who wish to have an input in these circumstances are often both informed (about the patient) and deeply committed on their behalf. We should draw attention to the fact that some cultures and healthcare systems have experimented with the concept of the professional patient advocate, particularly in the area of psychiatric disease. (22). In countries such as Canada and Austria, patient advocates are trained and employed specifically to fulfil this role and nothing else. The theory being that by doing this there is no conflict of interest, and the element of paternalism is effectively eradicated from the scenario. Such advocacy should be in its purest form therefore with undivided loyalty to the interests of the patient and no professional bias or personality issues. In such a context, it is believed that there will be less intimidation or inhibition by medical beliefs or dogma and their official status will prevent them from being ignored. The studies that have been carried out in this area have revealed a downside which may not have been widely anticipated. The presence of a designated and professional patient advocate in the decision making process has the ability to engender an adversarial atmosphere where healthcare professionals may adopt a defensive stance which is not optimal for efficient and effective patient care, particularly in the field of psychiatric illness. (23). Practical difficulties ensue when personnel, who may not have wide experience in assessing and handling people in the course of an illness trajectory, may actually be unable to accurately assess the patient’s own goals, values and beliefs. Because such projects are still in their infancy, a number of other potential practical problems have yet to be resolved. The issue of responsibility and accountability is not formalised. One has to question the options open to a patient who finds that they believe that their professional advocate has given them bad advice or poor representation. There are, as yet, no formalised pathways for redress. Doctors have a track record of fulfilling the role as the patient advocate. To an extent, it may be considered a natural extension of their â€Å"job description† and role in the community. Some doctors may be more fitted than others by virtue of their particular position in the medical hierarchy, their personality or their disposition towards particular patients. For example the GP is likely to have built up a relationship over the years with many of his patients and will know them, their families, their wishes, and their personality intimately. One might think that they might be prime candidates for the job. Equally a specialist who may have no knowledge of the patient and may be (for example) and excellent technician in his field but suffers from an inability to communicate well with patients may be a very poor candidate. In addition to these considerations we have already referred to the potential conflict of interests which have arisen in respect of GP Fundholding in the UK where the GP has a theoretical, and in some cases, real problem in balancing his ethical duty to the patient with his financial responsibilities to the community at large (2). For this reason, some doctors find that they cannot realistically act for the interests of the individual patient when they are overtly conscious of their obligations to the pressures of funding a balanced service for the community at large. Some doctors also have cultivated a paternalistic approach to their practice. This is an observation and not intended as criticism, as some would hold that it is an approach which works, and is appreciated by certain sections of the community. (24) In the context of this essay however, for reasons which we have set out in detail above, it is an approach which is not compatible with our definition of advocacy. Such an approach is capable of not being trusted to set out the patient’s interests as the patient perceives them. As we have illustrated earlier, it is more likely to be set out as the doctor believes would be best for the patient, and this removes the possibility of true patient autonomy. (25) Acting in accordance with the Principle of beneficence does not necessarily imply that one is acting in accordance with the patient’s explicit wishes. We have also considered peripherally, the fact that, in acting in a capacity as an advocate, a doctor may find certain other professional conflicts of interest and may therefore find his capacity to act as an unbiased advocate severely impaired. Traditionally the nurse has frequently filled the role of the patient advocate and, on face value, it would appear that the nurse is possibly in the most favourable position to fulfil the role. (26) The nurse has a professional medical training and is well versed with healthcare procedures and practicalities. In a hospital setting, they are the healthcare professionals who tend to spend most of their professional time in direct contact with the patients and are therefore perhaps best placed to be able to holistically assess their needs, aspirations and goals in the widest connotation of these terms. Their professional body (the UKCC) endorses their involvement in this role. The converse of these points include the fact that the nurse, like the doctor, has potential conflicts of professional interest, not often the financial considerations that may fall to the doctor, but other considerations, where there is an antagonism of a professional position where there is a duty to society in general, or perhaps a duty to the profession and the duty to the patient in the role of a patient advocate. A topical situation could be illustrated by the debate over Herceptin (Trastuzumab) which has not yet been fully evaluated and costed by the regulatory authorities, but is in demand by sufferers of advanced forms of breast malignancy. If a nurse was acting in the capacity of an advocate for such a patient, one would have to consider how she would resolve her professional difficulties in recommending a drug that is not yet fully licensed, her duty to society in general to uphold the regulatory pharmaceutical mechanisms and her obligations to the patient who is telling her that she believes that this drug is her best chance of long term survival. (after 27) The NHS Plan 2000 sets out to promote the â€Å"seamless interface of care† between healthcare professionals together with concepts such as multidisciplinary team working. (28) Such concepts are difficult to reconcile with what may transpire to become an adversarial situation. As we have already examined this type of situation in respect of doctors, we shall therefore not set it out again. It is however, appropriate to observe that this adversarial element may be particularly problematic for the nurse as working practices in the past have required appropriate deference to the doctor, and this shift of loyalty may cause particular difficulty in those healthcare professionals who are uncomfortable with this apparent change of stance. Lastly, we note that the formal nursing and medical training in the UK does not currently contain any element of specific learning about this topic. (12). Clearly the general knowledge relating to the workings of the healthcare services and the profession specific training are good preparations for the role but it is quite possible to become qualified without becoming aware of the potential problems associated with advocacy that have been set out here. Medical law and ethics are traditionally poorly represented in the professional curriculum (29) as is specific training in communication skills and the art of negotiation. There is one point that is common to all potential patient advocates that we have not yet addressed. We have considered the fact that the patient may make seemingly irrational, bizarre or idiosyncratic choices may place the patient advocate in a difficult position. If this is the case,

Digital Block For A Fucntion Generator :: essays research papers

Digital Block Design Design introduction The Digital Block is the heart of this digitally controlled function generator. Symmetry and frequency variation is direct result of the design of this block. In this design the emphasis was on simplicity and some target specifications at the top of the frequency variation were compromised in order to achieve greater simplicity. This design achieves 28 frequencies in the range of 100Hz to 100kHz. Whilst the 17 frequencies from the range 100Hz to 10kHz are symmetry variable in five steps from 0.1 to 0.5. The last eight frequencies only managed to achieve symmetry variations 0.5 and 0.25. This is due to some limiting factors that will be discussed later. The table of achievable frequencies can be found at the end of this report. User inputs are also digitally processed in this function generator and sent out as digital signals to other parts of this function generator namely the amplifier module. Also a filter selector circuit is built in after the digital block. The user inputs controlling frequency and symmetry are also built into this control block. Therefore it is clear that the digital block can be divided into 4 distinct blocks, each with its own functionality. These blocks are the control module, counter module, filter control module and 8-bit D/A. The D/A chosen is the DAC0801LCN. It’s specifications can be found in the appendix. The layout of this design is shown below. The interconnections will be discussed later but the thickness of the lines indicates the number of bits in the bus lines. As the name suggests the control module takes user inputs, processes them and sends them out to the respective modules. The functionality module generates the count, varying between 0 to 255 in 256 steps or in 64 steps. The 8-bit D/A changes this count into a wave and the filter selector module selects which filter in the filter block to pass the signal through. While extensive testing has been done on the functionality module, the control module and filter selector module are relatively simple and have not been tested due to the inability to do so. The control module consists primarily of switches and ROM’s while the filter selection module is made up of two analogue multiplexers. These modules are discussed in further detail in later sections. Control Module Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This block essentially converts user input into digital signals. We have four user inputs coming in, and five control signals outputted, with the extra output being generated internally.

Roles for Women in Shakespeares Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeth's Roles for Women      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth there is only one significant woman, the all-controlling figure of Lady Macbeth, on whom lies responsibility for the main action in the drama - the murder of Duncan. We shall mostly study her role in this essay.    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare contradict the impression that the female protagonist is all strength:    Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncan's crown - she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants; yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father. Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand.   (792)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson enlightens the reader concerning the fears weakening Lady Macbeth:      I do not need to remind you of the great scenes preceding the murder, in which Macbeth and his Lady pull themselves together for their desperate effort. If you think over these scenes, you will notice that the Macbeths understand the action which begins here as a competition and a stunt, against reason and against nature. Lady Macbeth fears her husband's human nature, as well as her own female nature, and therefore she fears the light of reason and the common daylight world. (108)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on how the feminine role of the leading lady is not a typical one as regards attitude:    [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very remarkable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife, while she never betrays one symptom of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is melted down to softness. Roles for Women in Shakespeare's Macbeth :: GCSE English Literature Coursework Macbeth's Roles for Women      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In William Shakespeare's tragedy Macbeth there is only one significant woman, the all-controlling figure of Lady Macbeth, on whom lies responsibility for the main action in the drama - the murder of Duncan. We shall mostly study her role in this essay.    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare contradict the impression that the female protagonist is all strength:    Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncan's crown - she accepts the inevitable means; she nerves herself for the terrible night's work by artificial stimulants; yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father. Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteously afflicted by the memory of one stain of blood upon her little hand.   (792)    In "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action" Francis Fergusson enlightens the reader concerning the fears weakening Lady Macbeth:      I do not need to remind you of the great scenes preceding the murder, in which Macbeth and his Lady pull themselves together for their desperate effort. If you think over these scenes, you will notice that the Macbeths understand the action which begins here as a competition and a stunt, against reason and against nature. Lady Macbeth fears her husband's human nature, as well as her own female nature, and therefore she fears the light of reason and the common daylight world. (108)    In "Memoranda: Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth," Sarah Siddons comments on how the feminine role of the leading lady is not a typical one as regards attitude:    [Macbeth] announces the King's approach; and she, insensible it should seem to all the perils which he has encountered in battle, and to all the happiness of his safe return to her, -- for not one kind word of greeting or congratulations does she offer, -- is so entirely swallowed up by the horrible design, which has probably been suggested to her by his letters, as to have forgotten both the one and the other. It is very remarkable that Macbeth is frequent in expressions of tenderness to his wife, while she never betrays one symptom of affection towards him, till, in the fiery furnace of affliction, her iron heart is melted down to softness.

Human Resourse Management :: Personnel Management

Human Resourse Management There are many different ways to train someone for a new job. You can use any of the following methods; hands on, computer simulation, apprenticeship, and teletraining. From hands on training on the production line, to a series of written tests, we use a variety of training techniques at Taco Bell. Upon being hired at Taco Bell, you are given a series of menu item sheets which list all 37 menu items, and the ingredients that makes up each one. It is imperitive that they study these sheets before coming to work for the first time for they will be tested. The first day on the job at Taco Bell is jam packed with information. The moment a trainee punches in, he is taken on a tour of the store that lasts almost an hour. The manager in charge (MIC) walks with the trainee pointing out various things including the dish area, the food prep area, the food storage areas, and the production line. The trainee is shown how to cook food, and how to get it ready to be used on line. After the tour the trainee is placed in the stuffing position on line. Let me take a minute to explain how the line is set up. One person, the steamer, begins the production of the food by grabbing the shell, and placing all the necessary hot items into the product. He then passes this to the stuffer, who puts in all the cold ingredients, and then passes it to the wrapper. The wrapper does just that, he wraps the food, and then takes it out to the customer. A trainee is placed in the stuffing position with two experienced crew members on either side. This way someone can always be there if the employee can’t remember all the ingredients for a particular menu item. If business picks up when a new employee is on line, they are asked to step back and let the more experienced employees, or aces, handle the situation. This way, the trainee can watch as the food is being made and can learn from the way the aces do it. This goes on for the first week of employment. The new employee spends most of his time stuffing. The only times they are permitted to leave the line is when more food needs to be prepared.