Tuesday, May 26, 2020

The Great Depression and the New Deal Essay example

Great Depression The Great Depression and the New Deal In response to the Stock Market Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression, Franklin D. Roosevelt was ready for action unlike the previous President, Hubert Hoover. Hoover allowed the country to fall into a complete state of depression with his small concern of the major economic problems occurring. FDR began to show major and immediate improvements, with his outstanding actions during the First Hundred Days. He declared the bank holiday as well as setting up the New Deal policy. Hoover on the other hand; allowed the U.S. to slide right into the depression, giving Americans the power to blame him. Although he tried his best to improve the economy’s status during the†¦show more content†¦The relationship between the federal government and the American people changed radically. The government now had a more powerful affect on people’s social and economic lives. During Herbert Hoover’s administration any mi stakes were made after the Stock Market crash. After the crash during the depression Hoover took action but made a few mistakes along the way. Many of Hoover’s acts were passed by congress and signed by Hoover himself. His worst offense was the Smoot-Hawley Tariff, which raised tariffs. The raising of tariffs was the worst possible thing that could have occurred. Hoover tried his best to reassure the country that the economy would become improved, although it actually worsened. To improve things after the crash Hoover prepared all Federal Departments to speed up public works. He did this with hopes to generate supplementary jobs and bring back the economy. As well, Hoover asked congress if they would reduce spending, and use what was no longer required to restart public works. Unfortunately for Hoover a collapse in Europe and a change in foreign trade caused prices for United States manufactured goods and farm equipment. After this occurrence President Hoover asked congress once again for more money, his time he wanted the money for farm loans and to establish the Reconstruction Finance Corporation, which would be used to help buildings in need as well as banks and railroads. With all of Hoovers efforts by July 1932 the Depression beganShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And The New Deal1318 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic collapse that occurred in the 1930s. It was a pivotal moment in American history. Its effects were not only felt in the United States, but spread worldwide. In response and as an attempt to rectify the calamity, President Franklin D. Roosevelt launched a set of federal programs called the New Deal. The New Deal was aimed at bringing about an end to the crippling Great Depression with the least amount of economic casualties in America as possibleRead MoreThe Great Depression : The New Deal853 Words   |  4 PagesThe Great Depression brought many changes to the United States of Americas but the New Deal allowed for the protection of the entire nation. At first political leaders like Herbert Hoover, felt that the depression was only temporary and failed to comprehend the depth that the nation was in. Women and minorities began losing their jobs faster than men but soon when white men were walking down the streets searching for an opportunity. When Roosevelt took office in date he would address the depressionRead MoreThe Great Depression And The New Deal Essay1417 Words   |  6 Pages1930s were a time of great suffering and uncertainty in the United States. The country was crippled by effects of the Great Depression; the result was a massive decline in jobs and economic stabi lity that dramatically impacted both rural and urban communities. Millions of Americans were out of work, unable to support their families. State organizations and charities were unable to meet the growing needs of the people and many were left to fend for themselves. The Great Depression brought with it aRead MoreThe Great Depression And The New Deal1177 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussing how women, blacks, Hispanics, and Native Americans, were impacted by the Depression and the New Deal. I will also be discussing the long-term legacies of the New Deal and the major historical assessments that have been made of the New Deal. I will also be giving my thoughts and views on the assessments that have been made of the New Deal. The New Deal and Minorities The Great Depression was caused by the stock market crash in 1929. This stock market crash put the UnitedRead MoreThe New Deal : The Great Depression2088 Words   |  9 PagesAlexis Brucell History 17B Professor Dan Defoe 2 April 2016 The New Deal In the 1930s America was experiencing what was the Great Depression, â€Å"the worst economic disaster in American History† (Foner, 158). The economy had hit an all-time low and unemployment was at its peak. After elected, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s created the â€Å"New Deal†, and it was the greatest reform movement of its time. The New Deal provided a daring reform policy without starting a war or revolution. Even thoughRead MoreThe Great Depression And The New Deal2393 Words   |  10 PagesIn the early 1920s, after the close of World War I a couple years earlier, Americans were seemingly prospering in their daily affairs. The nine-year span from 1920 to 1929 was filled with new and stirring changes; inventions, like automobiles powered by gas, innovative household appliances, like radios and vacuums, women’s suffrage, and more were taking off and changing the era. Companies were thriving in what was known as the Roaring Twenties. Stocks and production were greatly increasing too. ThisRead MoreEssay on The Great Depression and The New Deal 1211 Words   |  5 PagesThe Great Depression and The New Deal The Great Depression first started as early as 1928, but did not affect the United States until 1929. The Great Stock Market crash started the event of the Depression here in America, but was not the main cause to why it happened. During the early stages of the depression, President Hoover failed to help the economy and continuedRead MoreImpact Of The New Deal On The Great Depression1355 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of the New Deal on the Great Depression Preceding the Great Depression, the United States went through a glorious age of prosperity, with a booming market, social changes, and urbanization; America was changing. At the end of the 1920’s and well through the 1930’s, America was faced with its greatest challenge yet; the 1929 stock market crash. It would be the end of the prosperity of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. Now the American government and its citizens were faced with a failing economyRead MoreImpact Of The New Deal And Programs On The Great Depression1274 Words   |  6 Pages Impact of the New Deal and programs on the Great Depression Preceding the Great Depression, the United States went through a glorious age of prosperity, with a booming market, social changes,and urbanization..America was changing. At the end of the 1920’s well through the 1930’s, America was faced with it’s greatest challenge yet. The 1929 stock market crash was the end to the prosperity of the â€Å"Roaring Twenties†. Now the people and government were faced with a huge problem,a failing economy. PresidentRead MoreGreat Depression and New Deal Study Guide1119 Words   |  5 PagesGreat Depression and New Deal Study Guide: Events Causes/Effects of the Great Depression: widespread banking failures. The banks invested people’s money in the stock market and created major losses. Goals of the New Deal- three goals: relief for the needy, economic recovery, and financial reform Causes of the Dust Bowl The Bonus Army The Crash of 1929 People Herbert Hoover- was the president at the start of the great depression. He was the republican nominee but he realized later

Friday, May 15, 2020

Essay on The Celtic Appreciation of Nature - 1486 Words

The Celtic Appreciation of Nature In doing this assignment, I was looking forward to becoming more appreciative of nature, and all that it has to offer us, wanting a better understanding of it all. It seems that we take all of the beauty of our earth for granted, we are spoiled and it shows. In completing this practicum, I hoped to return to a state of mind where everything I see has beauty in it, like a baby seeing things for the first time, when everything is so fascinating, that touching it in complete awe is all I want to do. The Celtic appreciation of nature is what influenced the path I took with this day of reflection. The way they loved it as though it was their child, the way they respected it as though it was their mother, and†¦show more content†¦It was a Sunday, I finally had off, so I decided to take the 1.5 hour drive to my hometown of Poughkeepsie, NY for an afternoon/evening of pure relaxation and contemplation. I went to a place we use to go to when I was in high school that overlooks the Hudson River with an unbelievable view of the Mid-Hudson Bridge, it seems so close that all I would have to have done was take a step and I was on it. This place is called Kaal Rock, and also has a ground level to it that I spent the first half of the day on. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I planned on beginning on the lower level, because that seemed so similar to how life is, grounded. Then as the day progressed, I was going to take myself both physically and (hopefully) spiritually up to the top. A way of rising up to a new level, removing myself from everything that plagues me, and possibly being closer to â€Å"heaven,† whatever that may be. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Well, in actuality, I went to Kaal Rock as planned, at around 4:00 pm. I brought a blanket, some water, and some of my â€Å"inspirational† music, and a notebook. I spent the first 2.5 hours on the ground, watching the water come to the shore, then just as quickly creep back, like it was frightened by what it came upon. I thought long and hard about a lot, and looked at everything IShow MoreRelatedPracticum...Spiritual Retreat Reaction1513 Words   |  7 Pagesbecoming more appreciative of nature, and all that it has to offer us, wanting a better understanding of it all. It seems that we take all of the beauty of our earth for granted, we are spoiled and it shows. In completing this practicum, I hoped to return to a state of mind where everything I see has beauty in it, like a baby seeing things for the first time, when everything is so fascinating, that touching it in complete awe is all I want to do. The Celtic appreciation of nature is what influenced theRead MoreArt Nouveau By Edward Burne Jones From The Pre- Raphaelites And The Japanese Style1889 Words   |  8 Pagesmovement, William Morris, Edward Burne-Jones from the Pre- Raphaelites and the Japanese style. It became popular across Europe and the in United States. Art Nouveau as a style is a beautiful mixture of elaborate Celtic looking patterns, classical elements, flat color and delicate women in nature. This style breaks the traditional forms from the previous time periods but at the same time, carries it through. These designers in this time, presented this work as organic forms with rich imagery. Such asRead MoreBoil Boil Toil and Trouble Essay2135 Words   |  9 Pagesearth peaceful and harmonious: â€Å"Wicca is a deep appreciation and awe in watching the sunrise or sunset, the forest in the light of a glowing moon, a meadow enchanted by the first light of day† (Herne 1). Everything a Wiccan does mainly c onsists of helping the environment: â€Å"We also revere the spirits of the elements of Earth, Air, Fire, and Water which combine to manifest all creation† (Herne 2). By using the four elements, Wiccans have a clear view of nature and who they are as a person. The author RavenRead MoreThe Hegemonic Construction Of Ireland2740 Words   |  11 PagesMigration has fundamentally changed the nature of Irish society. Ireland has recently become a country of immigration; nonetheless the changes have been rapid and have changed the country significantly both north and south of the boarder. It is one of a number of peripheral European countries which has transformed from having a lengthy history of emigration, to becoming a recipient of substantial inward migration. In Ireland today, migration â€Å"Is one of the topics under discussion† (Gilmartin WhiteRead MoreEssay about William Shakespeares Relevance Today2257 Words   |  10 Pagesaudience. However can it truly be said that this historical contextualisation- or a perceived lack of it- is such a barrier to the appreciation of the play by a modern audience as to deem the central themes and messages irrelevant? It could perhaps be argued that the appreciation of the historical context is a necessary part of the appreciation of the work in general; certainly it is true that a certain degree of contextualisation is necessary in the teaching of ShakespeareRead MoreThe Structure Of The Westminster Government1889 Words   |  8 Pagesis in my opinion that the appreciation of the nature of its governance from 1979 is the only area of study with any real substance and as such this essay will focus on it alone. Within this area of study, the perceived wisdom that devolution was a response to a civic rejection of Tory monetarist economic polices does hold some ground. However, it fails to comprehend the underlying problems of the structure of the Westminster government. This essay will argue that the nature of governance from 1979Read MoreThe Wild Swans at Coole by W.B Yeats3540 Words   |  15 Pageslandscape that could conjure a clichà © Emerald Isle with untouched lakes, woods and wild life. The setting and mentioning of the ‘nine-and-fifity Swans’ introduce themes of change, age, nature and immorality as well as ideas of transition, mysticism and the superna tural. Ultimately, the opening stanza contains references to nature, which is continuous throughout the poem. Just as the Lakists or Lamartine would, the persona finds himself meditate on his loneliness, an attitude in this poem alongside sideRead MoreRomanticism versus Neoclassicism2775 Words   |  12 PagesNeoclassical and Romantic movements cover the period of 1750 to 1850. Neoclassicism showed life to be more rational than it really was. The Romantics favoured an interest in nature, picturesque, violent, sublime. Unlike Neo_classicism, which stood for the order, reason, tradition, society, intellect and formal diction, Romanticism allowed people to get away from the constrained rational views of life and concentrate on an emotional and sentimental side of humanity. In this movement the emphasis wasRead MoreThe Man Behind the Lines Essay1930 Words   |  8 PagesWoman† who was curvaceous, promising, and an utmost mystery. Each poster’s woman was its own Mona Lisa with their uplifting yet erotic nature, divine with a halo encompassing their face, and faced with a gaze that cannot be expressed in any other way than transect. Mucha also adorned every figure with a complex background inspired by elements from the Byzantine, Celtic, Japanese, Rococo, Gothic, Judaic, and Czech cultures and folk tales. (Mucha S, 13) He would incorporate these themes in his jewelryRead MoreRock ‘N’ Roll Music Has Widely Influenced Music And Society1882 Words   |  8 Pages Those pioneers helped change the musical norms and the overall history of music. White rock ‘n’ rollers helped build a ladder for black artists to come into the scene. It was certain that rock ‘n’ roll made it possible for greater acceptance, appreciation and a wider audience for black culture. Going back to how rock and roll started and its origins you can make sense how black culture contributed to rock and roll music. The rock ‘n’ roll pioneers of the mid-fifties fused elements of both blues

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Can Economic Aid Make a Difference in Flow of Drugs Essays

Can Economic Aid Make a Difference in Flow of Drugs? 1. The United States government spends nearly $100 million annually, working towards the goal of greatly reducing the drug flow into this country (Abbott 160). Compared to the $100 million the U.S. spends, the $3 to $5 billion the Latin American countries bring in each year from drug trafficking is quite unbalanced. While researchers agree drug crops create a source of income for a number of Latin American people, they disagree about whether or not economic aid from the United States can make a big enough difference to slow the drug flow into the country. 2. Some experts believe crop substitution is one way the economic aid money could be used to curb drug trafficking.†¦show more content†¦The cocaine industry is an important source of jobs and income in regions characterized by desperate poverty and widespread unemployment (Lee 184). When one follows the trail of the coca leaves from the field to the point of smuggling it into the United States, an estimated 500,00 to one million people are directly employed (Lee 184). Because so many people benifit from the cocaine industry, simply substituting the crops may not be enough. 4. Others feel the money for economic aid should be spent in other ways. The mayor of Calamar, Vincente Ferrer Londono, feels that the production of coca leaves would completely disappear if the United States government would pave the road from Calamar to San Jose, which is the gateway to the national market. He contends that the farmers can grow plenty of corn and rice, but due to the very poor road conditions, they can’t get the produce to the market (Massing 179). Michael Massing, a free-lance writer, is in agreement. saying that even though building a road would cost nearly $2 million, it would be considered a bargain considering the impact it would have on Colombia’s coca production. Michael adds, between 1987 and 1988 the United States spent about $ 1 billion trying to intercept drugs at its borders. If some of this money could be relocated to the economic aid programs to help stop the growthShow MoreRelatedEveryone Has Heard, Read, Or Even Experience Hiv. Those1052 Words   |  5 Pagesexperience HIV. Those letters stand for Human Immunodeficiency Virus. If left untreated, HIV can lead to the disease AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot win the battle against HIV. Once someone contracts the virus, it will attack the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (T cells), which help the immune system to fight infections. Over time, HIV can destroy many of these cells, making the body vulnerable to opportunistic infections or cancersRead MoreThe Effects Of Increased Privatization Of Health Care On Africa As A Result Of Loan Conditionalities Imposed1583 Words   |  7 Pageswill also be evaluated. Overview of SAPs SAPs are the result of the Bank’s increasing role in the health sector in the 1980s and 1990s. Conditional loans are given by the Bank to developing countries for â€Å"policy adjustment† in order to stimulate economic growth. Main principles of such SAPs include macroeconomic management and stability, trade liberalization, and public sector contraction (2), which entails decentralizing the government through privatization of state-owned enterprises, opening upRead MoreA Dominant Force Or Trend Within Clothing, Opinion, Arts, And Culture Essay1055 Words   |  5 Pagesoften motivated to involve themselves with what is mainstream so they can fit in and thrive. Majority group- an ethnic/racial group that has the largest population and usually the greatest economic and political power in a society. Marcel Mauss- introduced the qualities of gift giving, author of The Gift. Mauss was also a French sociologist, his work often bounced between sociology and anthropology. Marxism- the political and economic theories of Karl Marx, later developed by their followers to formRead MoreKenya’s Budget Making Process.1537 Words   |  7 Pagesorganization. In part this is a reflection of the environment public service organizations operate. The government budget is used as an instrument for economic policy, tool for economic management and an instrument for accountability. It an allocation mechanism that aims to maximize the contribution of public expenditure to national welfare. This can be achieved by ensuring that the budget process successfully allocates scarce resources so that the marginal unit of expenditure achieves the same marginalRead MoreA New Paradigm Substance Use Disorder Treatment1656 Words   |  7 Pagesprolong life through secondary prevention and enhance quality of life. As for other chronic diseases requiring a continuum of care, the expectations that addiction can respond to a single, acute and short-term treatment, seem fairly unrealistic. Therefore the use of an acute definition (such as cured) to measure the impact of a treatment can also be considered as inappropriate. A more relevant evaluation of the efficacy of an addiction treatment could be to measure how long a person stay symptoms-freeRead MoreBusiness Analysis Valuation Discussion Answers Essay5708 Words   |  23 Pagescourse, is unsure whether he should take a course in business analysis and valuation using financial statements since he believes that financial analysis adds little value, given the efficiency of capital markets. Explain to John when financial analysis can add value, even if capital markets are efficient. The efficient market hypothesis states that security prices reflect all available information, as if such information could be costlessly digested and translated immediately into demands for buys orRead Morepotential links between social inequalities and the health of the population1721 Words   |  7 Pagessee the health impact on people in each group. Income and wealth distribution: comparing the differences in levels of income and wealth between different social groups help measure inequalities in society. The income is a regular flow of money earned by someone working or from someone’s benefits, pension or their savings. Wealth is defined on property, shares or other belongings that could be sold to make an income. This is very hard to measure accurately and to define. There is not date on incomeRead More The Never Ending Drug War Essay5182 Words   |  21 Pagescampaign to rid the world of the disaster that drugs so ferociously have inflicted upon America. The war, created by The United States’ demand and government circumstances, has been fighting drug lords and opportunists. The United States has for the past three decades declared that it is in a full fledged attack against drugs and the violence it fosters. For decades billions and billons of dollars have been justified through the infamous War on Drugs. The drug problem has not stopped. The money and militaryRead MoreNarcotics, Guns And Violence, The Powerful Elements Of The Never Ending War5191 Words   |  21 Pagesto rid the world of the disaster that drugs so ferociously have inflicted upon America. The war, created by The United States’ demand and government circumstances, has been fighting drug lords and opportunists. The United States has for the past three decades declared that it is in a full fledged attack against drugs and the violence it fosters. For decades billions and billons of dollars have been justified through the infamous War on Drugs. The drug problem has not stopped. The moneyRead MoreAid For The United States2067 Words   |  9 PagesAid is defined as a voluntary transfer of resources from one government to another independent government, but to what extent should a country help. It is known that aid can be in the form of debt, food, or cash. Often in today’s world population many people agree or disagree with helping countries receive aid. The ones who don’t agree think that by giving a country aid, it makes them lazier and gives them no incentive. It also creates a corrupt government. But to the ones who do agree they think

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Margaret Thatcher free essay sample

She led from the heart and embodied an ideological world view that shaped every decision she made. Her â€Å"Thatcherism† was rooted in her belief about the kind of leadership needed to save her country from economic collapse and preserve the freedoms she saw as fundamental to the British people. During years of immense challenge, she served as both captain and rudder, steering and steadying the ship of state on the course she saw as vital to the good of the whole. She saw through the smoke of internal conflict to what she believed to be the essential greatness of Great Britain: â€Å"There is no such thing as society,† she famously said. â€Å"There are individual men and women, and there are families. † Certainly, her â€Å"lead from the heart† approach created fast friends and fierce foes. About as many people loved her as hated her for her decisions and policies. Still, she had the courage not to be liked, but rather to be respected in what she thought was right. She brought more of her supporters into the Cabinet and lead the country to war against Argentina in the Falkland Islands.In 1983, the Conservative Party won the election again by a huge majority – this was helped by a divided opposition. During her term, the government policies adhered to an extreme programme including:Privatisation and deregulationTax cutsThe introduction of market mechanisms into health and educationThe target of this was to decrease the governments position and increase the self-sufficiency of individuals. However, these were very controversial, as some of her policies, such as the closed of certain mines lead to increased unemployment rates and other repercussions.She also became well-known around the world due to her friendship with Ronald Reagan. She also was praised by Gorbachev, the Soviet leader of the Communist Party, despite Thatcher being opposed to communism.Despite Thatcher campaigning for the UK to remain in the European Community in 1975, by the end of her time in office she was increasingly anti-EU, believing that Brussels held to much power. This, along with the matter of the poll tax, was one of the key issues that led to divisions in parliament, eventually leading to her downfall as prime minister. Her long-serving Foreign Secretary resigned in November 1990 in protest to her attitudes.In the 1990 election, Michael Heseltine, her opposition, while failing to win, gained 152 votes showing that a small but important minority wanted change. Thatcher didnt go forward to the second ballot.In 1992, she left the House of Commons and was given a life peerage meaning she was accepted into the House of Lords.She was appointed as Lady Companion of the Order of the Garter in 1995, the highest order of Chivalry in the UK.She has written two memoirs called The Downing Street Years and The Path to Power. On 8 April 2013, Thatcher died at The Ritz Hotel in London, due to a stroke. Her funeral took place at St. Pauls Cathedral.Good QualitiesResilience and refusal to failMargaret Thatcher was resilient throughout her time in office but also throughout her career. Even nowadays only 29% of MPs are female, however, when Thatcher was first elected as Prime Minister, only 3% of the MPs in the House of Commons were women. Despite people who wouldnt have trusted her or who wouldnt have believed she could run a country because she was women, and the statistics being against her, she managed to become the first female Prime Minister in the UK, due to her resilience and refusal to fail. She also faced much opposition when in power, however, she persevered. PrincipledDue to being taught the importance of self-help, charitable work and personal genuineness in her childhood, she knew what her core values were, and this helped her throughout her career as she knew what she stood for and what her political beliefs were. This would have made her seem more trustworthy as at least people would have known what she stood for and knew that she wouldnt constantly change her core values and beliefs.Embracing changeAlthough people argue tirelessly about whether Margaret Thatcher changed Britain for the better or the worse, there is no doubt that she changed Britain. She saw a Britain that she didnt like, and she changed it, despite not knowing what could come as a result of that. She took a big risk when she privatized and deregulated some of the once-largest industries in the UK. However, she believed it was a necessary action and had the willpower to do it despite the opposition she would have faced. Thatcher had the foresight to see where the cou ntry was headed and believed that a change was necessary, shaping the modern economy by decreasing jobs in the secondary industry and increasing the countries dependency on the tertiary sector. This is shown by the size of each sector nowadays, with 74% of jobs in the tertiary sector and only about 15% of jobs in the secondary sector.Strong belief in her countryMargaret Thatcher strongly believed in the potential of her country and encouraged it to be more independent. During her time in office, she led the country through many drastic changes, and while these were often controversial, she made them because she believed that her country could handle them and become better. It was also the reason that she had issues with the amount of power that Brussels had over the UK. Although this faith was a positive trait, it had certain negative connotations especially at a time when the world was becoming increasingly globalised.Many people have said that Margaret Thatchers strengths were also her weaknesses. Her resilience went hand in hand with her being stubborn. Although she had a strong belief in her country, this led her to demise as Prime Minister as her anti-EU attitude led to divisions in the government. She fought to change Britain and its economy leading to a sharp increase in unemployment, due to closure of many Britains secondary industries, such the steelwork and coal industry.Bad QualitiesStubbornOften branded as a control freak, Margaret Thatcher was stubborn and uncompromising. She was reluctant to consider other opinions and would never back down on the things that she believed were best, even when it led to her downfall. She refused to change her view or even compromise on a new system of local taxation named the poll tax. Although she was advised that her measure would cause her damage by key cabinet ministers, she continued onward despite such strong backlash. This, however, was greeted with violent protests and her plummeting approval rate. Therefore, when the next election was held at the end of the year, she didnt get re-elected. Although the stubborn attitude that Thatcher had also worked to her advantage, giving her the courage and resilience to make many radical changes arguably helped the country in the long term, it also made her dislikeable and close-minded. Although, without this stubborn streak, Thatcher may have been more liked and respected as she left office, would she have changed the UK in the way that she did?CallousEven Margaret Thatchers biggest supporters would probably agree that some of the policies she introduced didnt benefit everyone. One of the notable things that Thatcher did during her in office was the shutting down of coal and steel production in the UK. However, this caused high unemployment, especially in northern England where whole villages and towns relied on mining and manufacturing industries.Bibliographyhttp://www.history.com/topics/british-history/margaret-thatcherhttps://www.gov.u k/government/history/past-prime-ministers/margaret-thatcher