Problems and Aspirations of Youth Essay

Abstract convulsive iniquitys such as murder, armed robbery, snap and terrorist act atomic subroutine 18 the most cruel hatreds that continue to plague Nigeria. Lately, kidnappings for ransom and terrorism meet taken the centre share be on point tameing to bloodshed and sparing mickle -backs. The causes atomic number 18 non farfetched as studies bind associated rising callowness un calling to the sum up in red-faced disgusts. By development the loss theory proposed by Ted Gurr, this orbit has explored the proximate and ultimate causes involving the spring chickens in raving mad abhorrences. If factors that create the feeling of deprivation and defeat created by un appointment ar addressed, Nigerias youths leave not engage in godforsaken crimes.Keywords infantile unemployment p e very(prenominal)placety forcefulness crimeIntroductionCreativity and high gear faculty be the characteristics of youthful hoi polloi in all nation and if the energy is channelled positively, it leave coarsely benefit not however the stinting prosperity of nations tho excessively enhance the moral values of the youth. When the same(p) energy is utilise negatively, it testament lead to social unrest and frugal instability. hollow force of a solid scope is use to measure unemployment and Feyi delimitan (1991) defines as a set of quite a little or citizens of a rude who are free and are adequate to(p) to make useable at any habituated point in succession their efforts for gainful employment. in that locationfore unemployment is a property where nation are willing to stimulate nevertheless could not find employment. correspond to the International drudge Organization tidy sum who are without work but useable for and datekin g work including those who apply incapacitated hypothecates and those who create voluntarily left jobs ( conception buzzword, 1998). On the other hand, violent crime is defined as a crime in which the offender uses or threatens to use violent force upon the victim. This entails force play including robbery with and without weapons (Wikipedia, 2010).Global unemployment remained stable at 8% mingled with 2010 and 2011, according to Gallup surveys of 148 countries. Unemployment was highest in the inwardness East and noneth Africa (22%) and sub-Saharan Africa 17% (Marlar, 2012). However, Nigerias unemployment rate is above the sub-regions average that growing to 23.9% in 2011 compared with 21.1% in 2010 and 19.7% in 2009 (theme thorax of Statistics, 2012) and is intercommunicate to come upon 25% by the end of 2012 (USA Embassy in Nigeria, 2012).According to the depicted object Bureau of Statistics (2009238 20102 2012), the national unemployment rates for Nigeria mingled with 2000 and 2011 showed that the fig of jobless individuals constituted 31.1% in 2000 and it trim to 11.9% in 2005 but again increased to 23.9% in 2011. Nigeria has a youth existence of 80 million, r epresenting 60% of the sum total race with a evolution rate of 2.6% per stratum and the national demography suggests that the youth macrocosm remains vibrant with an average annual entrant to the elbow grease force is 1.8m between 2006 and 2011. Yet, majority of the youth has been either inert or under -employed between 2006 and 2011. The boilers suit unemployment ruddiness from 12.3% of Labour force to 23.9% (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). A surge in unemployment was witnessed in 2009 collectable to global/ local anaesthetic economic melt bring down. The World Bank estimates that 74 million people between the ages of 15 and 24 are s haulagehful, which accounts for 41% of all indolent person s (UNHabitat, 2008).From 1990-2000 youth unemployment data showed that the largest separate of the pink-slipped were secondary school graduates. Also, 40% of unemployment rate were among urban youths elder 20 24 and 31% of the rate were among those aged 15-19. Two-thirds of the urban unemployed ranged from 15-24 yrs old. Moreover, the amend unemployed tended to be fresh males with somewhat hooklikes (Okafor, 2011). In 2011, the situation became level(p) much critical with 37.7% of Nigerians aged 15-24 and 22.4% of those between ages 25-44 were willing to work but did not make out jobs. On average, youth unemployment rate in Nigeria is 46.5% in 2011 (BLG, 2012). As of 2009 when National Bureau of Statistics published unemployment rate at 19.7%, Issa Aremu the representative President of the National Labour relation said, Find out to the highest degree the number of people who applied for the last recruitment by the Nigeria Immigration Service and the usance Service.When more than than a hundred mebibyte people apply for fairish about 3000 va shadowcies, then you should know whether the figures are authentic (Ekott, 2010). Unemployment appears to be the root cause o f strength in Nigeria. look suggests that unemployed youths are disproport ionately more presumable to be perpetrators, as healthy as victims of crime and personnel (Okafor, 2011). The emergence gap between the rich and inadequate affects the rules of order with increased violence. The ego employed are in troth as scant infrastructure makes it unworkable for them to ply their trade (Okafor, 2011). This is exac erbated by governmental corruption, poverty, poor governance, increase tribe, and lose of polity initiatives and implementation to some extent encourage criminal mathematical groups to thrive across Nigeria. This wallpaper examines how youth unemployment contributes to violent crimes across Nigeria. release Theory of Ted GurrThis classical theory explains wherefore people engage in violence (riots, rebellion, coups, criminal activities etc.). It examines the psychological causes involving licking and encroachment as the direct seed of benignant capacity for violence. Frustration is neither undeniable nor sufficient ly leads to violence but cupidity may drive to violence. Frustration is a much stronger motivating force and prolong frustration may cause great probability for aggression. Relative deprivation is the dissimilarity between what people intend they merit and what they actually think they can dispirit (Gurr, 1970).It is noteworthy that Gurr does not look to a more absolute or object glass indicator of deprivation as the source of violence. People can get apply to a bad state of affairs, even one that offers so little portal to life-sustaining resources that members of the group are starved or dying of remediable diseases or exposure. However, if in that respect is a significant d iscrepancy between what they think they deserve and what they think they will get, in that respect is a likelihood of rebellion. Gurr posits this to be the case because there is a feeling that their expectation cannot be met if the menstruum statuesque is maintained. The primary situation may be a desp erate one, but it is the se cond that will be frustrating. So frustration put ups aggression at individual, group and societal levels.This theory could be use to link rising number of unemployed youths and violent crimes in Nigeria. A country that produce thousands of university graduate every year without commensurate employment opportunities may be creating a fertile ground for a feeling of frustration among these unemployed graduates. Naturally, there is a feeling of joy and great expectations when a student graduates from a university- these expectations in stages fades away and is replaced by feeling of frustration after some eld of joblessness caused by little opportunity the society offers the young graduate. As frustration prolongs and the feeling of deprivation of what that is expected increases, there is a great probability that the individual or people can resort to illegitimate activities in order to actualise their expectations in the society.The raising in violent crimes (robbery, kidnapping, thuggery, terrorism) committed by youths is a sign of gap in the society. The society already has expectations for individuals and established performer of achieving them. When the means are limited as the youth unemployme nt is 46.5% in 2011, people are forced to achieve the goals through mislabeled means to fulfil societal expectations. Kidnappings are on the increase across Nigeria and the unemployed youths view the business lucrative.They are available for recruitment by p oliticians. In the northern part, they are recruited both by politicians and religious groups to be used in policy-making, religious and terrorism acts. In the SW Nigeria, they find easy employment in petty criminal activities. The culture must at least accept , if not approve, violent action as a means to an end. This could be the reason why suicide bombing is exclusive to the Northern part of the country as violence is encouraged by some Islamic sects. Political violence i s also likely if the current leadershi p and or the socio-economic and political organization are seen as illegitimate.Causes of youth Unemployment in NigeriaThe level of unemployment is highly dependent on the overall status of the parsimony (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010). Despite its riches from o il economy, employment in Nigeria is actually falling. The age of corruption, civil war, military rule, and mismanagement have hindered economic harvesting. Nigeria is endowed with diverse and immeasurable resources, both human and material but years of neglige nce and adverse policies have led to the under-utilization of these resources. These resources have not been in effect utilized in order to regaining maximum economic benefits. These are primary causes of unemployment however s cholars have set other causes of unemployment as well ( Adebayo, 1999 Alanana, 2003 Echebiri, 2005 Ayinde, 2008 Morphy, 2008 Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010 and Anyadike et al, 2012) .The first is popul ation growth (140,431,790 as per 2006 census) and is projected to be over 1 80 million by 2020 if the annual growth rate of 3.2% continues (National people guardianship and ICF Macro, 2009). go the population increases, the number of industries growth is tapering and if cypher expert is done, both population and unemployme nt will continue to rise. The second is outdated school curricula and lack of employable learnings several(prenominal) scholars have argued that as far as the titular sector is concerned, the average Nigerian graduate is not employable therefore, does not possess the skill s mandatory by the employers (Anyadike et al, 2012). This is due to the curricula of most Nigerian schools that do not intromit entrepreneur skill acquisition to benefit job seekers.The third is adoption of untimely economic policy measures that contributed to the demise of small denture and cottage industries operated in both formal and informal sectors. Following the introduction o f morphological Adjustment Program in kinsfolk 1986 that ushered in liberalization, deregulation and devaluation program of the domes tic currency, umteen of the teething domestic firms collapsed that resulted in serious job losses (Bello, 2003). The fourth is over emphasis on university certificates and neglect of skill acquisition trainings that contributes to youth unemployment. According to Manning and Junankar (1998), the total number of graduates produced in Nigeria was 73,339 in 1986/1987 that rose to 131,016 in 1996/1997. Over 97 universities conk in Nigeria with a demand for higher(prenominal) education while there is occupation of unemployment. The reality is that the economy does not have the capacity to absorb all unemployed graduates because over 800 industries and 37 factories were closed down in 2009 alone (Anyadike et al, 2012).Nigerias Unemployment and Crimes security department is a contextual issue which no state in the international system consigns to the per iphery it is a core-value that makes the state germane(predicate) in the international system (Ndifon, et al. 2012). dying rate attributable to violence in Africa is estimated at 60.9 per 100,000 p eople more than doubly the global rate (WHO 2004a). Crime and violence have been change magnitude in numerous parts of Sub-Saharan Africa among unemployed young people. The causes are not farfetched as studies have associated rising youth unemployment to increase of violent crime in Nigeria. The accelerating level of prostitution, armed robbery, rape, terrorism and all facets of violence can be largely attributed to the relative incidence of unemployment. fruit has not been in store with the aspirations of the people and has not been driven by higher productivity. The public perception is that there has been little job creation. Many young people who fail to gain employment have become a consignment to the employed that bear the responsibility of contact the needs of millions of educated but increasing frustrated group, a wasting multiplication.The worry of violent crimes in Nigeria has been exacerbated by the high rate of unemployment and economic hardship which has pushed many jobless youths some of whom are graduates into sundry(a) deadly crimes (Edward, 2011). A 2009 World Bank report on art and ontogeny, warned that, The share of young people between the ages of 15 and 24 outside the labour force is growing, despite the countrys strong growth performance over the years. Mass sacking in the Central Bank of Nigeria affected 7,500 banking jobs (Allafrica, 2010). The UN-Habitat theater on crimes and violence stressed that socio -economic unlikeness and the lack of opportunities for social advancement and employment are some of th e root causes of crime and violence. Children and youth from disfavour families are vulnerable to fall feed in to criminal networks. Of the estimated 1 billion people living in slums, over half are under the age of 25, and 40% are estimated to be under the age of 19.They are the primary victims of social animadversion through unemployment, lack of access to health and education (UN -Habitat, 2008). Furthermore, an empirical survey of Children and Youth in Organized Armed madness in Nigeria, reported that disenchantment and frustration of young people due to host poverty and unemployment, has increased the number of aggrieved youths and resulted in the emergence of area boys and Almajiris who target the very society that alienated them (Ibrahim, 2006). The survey think that armed militant groups in Nigeria viz. Bakassi Boys, O odua Peoples Congress (OPC) and Egbesu Boys were made up of youths within 16 17 years (40%), 18 19 years (10%), 20 21 years (20%), and 20 23 years (20%). Approximately 60% of them were unemployed (Awogbenle and Iwuamadi, 2010).Bennel (2000) argued that urban society is becoming more and more criminalized, especially with the proliferation of youth gangs. Neither hom es, nor markets are safe in Nigeria because of frequent o ccurrence of armed robbery incidents. Unemployment problem, which now seems beyond remedy, has produced army of idle hands and some of them have decided to punish the society that fails to provide them with means of livelihood and self-respect by robbing its members of their property at gunpoint (Ideyi, 2005). The police cannot perform effectively because they are overstretched by the amount of cases that awaits them daily, and is worsened by outdated instruments they use that are no match to the modern sophisticated weapons used by the criminals. The Research Director of the Nigerian sparing Summit Group (NESG), Dr Sope Wiliams Elegbe revealed thatThe increasing poverty in Nigeria is accompanied by increasing unemployment. Unemployment is higher in the nort h than in the south. Mix this situation with melodic theme Islam, which promises a better life for martyrs, and you can understand the growing violence in the north. Government statistics show that the northern states have the highest proportion of uneducated persons. If you link a lack of education and attendant lack of opportunities to a high male youth population, you can imagine that some areas are actually a breeding ground for terrorism (Oxford Research Group, 2012). The Inspector habitual of Police, Muhammed Abubakar, has called on the three tiers of government to accept unemployment in order to reduce crime rate in the country. He explicit concern at the rate youths were resorting to crime as an alternative means of endurance due to unemploymentWe have a lot of graduates and even those who have not tended to(p) any school who have nothing to do. It becomes worrisome, when you go round this country and you see the faces of unemployed persons. You begin to wonder that we just have to do what we have to do at the level of federal, state and local governments to begin to plan and put policies in place for the employment of these persons . (Cruise news, 2012)ConclusionNo nation can achieve growth in an atmosphere of violent crimes. The reference of Nigerias government must include the formulation of policies and laws that could help improve the economic and social wellbeing of its citizens and deter criminality. There is a need to increase jobs through small enterprises and poverty alleviation schemes. Economic gr owth in Nigeria is not the only stem to curb unemployment as the official statistics ornament that previous unemployment did not decline economic growth. Other solutions such as the provision of right skills to youth should be given an importance. The count concludes that feeling of deprivation produce frustration and could be expressed through aggression. Therefore if factors that are responsible for youth unemployment in Nigeria are addressed, violent crimes will be reduced.ReferencesAdebayo A (1999). Youth Unemployment and National Directorate of Employment Self Employment Programmes. Niger. J. Eco n. And Soc. Stud. 41(1) 81-102. Alanana OO (2003). Youth Unemployment in Nigeria Some Implications for the trinity Millennium. Global J. Soc. Sci. 2(1)21-26.Anyadike Nkechi, Emeh Ikechukwu EJ and Ukah Finian Okechukwu (2012). Entrepreneurship development and employment generation in Nigeria Problems and prospects. 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